tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-55215495658999140532024-02-20T06:22:57.347-08:00How to write an opinion essayArgumentative Essay Topics For Middle School Pdfpattyshaw143http://www.blogger.com/profile/10488403677324544093noreply@blogger.comBlogger36125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5521549565899914053.post-69379320278370271382020-08-25T20:43:00.001-07:002020-08-25T20:43:10.569-07:00Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Republic of Turkey FounderMustafa Kemal Atatã ¼rk, Republic of Turkey Founder Mustafa Kemal Atatã ¼rk (May 19, 1881ââ¬November 10, 1938) was a Turkish patriot and military pioneer who established the Republic of Turkey in 1923. Atatã ¼rk filled in as the countrys first president from 1923 to 1938. He administered the section of various changes that were liable for changing Turkey into a cutting edge country state. Quick Facts: Mustafa Kemal Atatã ¼rk Known For: Atatã ¼rk was a Turkish patriot who established the Republic of Turkey.Also Known As: Mustafa Kemal PashaBorn: May 19, 1881 in Salonica, Ottoman EmpireParents: Ali Rä ±za Efendi andà Zubeyde HanimDied: November 10, 1938 in Istanbul, TurkeySpouse: Latife Usakligilâ (m. 1923ââ¬1925)Children: 13 Early Life Mustafa Kemal Atatã ¼rk was conceived on May 19, 1881, in Salonica, at that point some portion of the Ottoman Empire (presently Thessaloniki, Greece). His dad Ali Riza Efendi may have been ethnically Albanian, however a few sources express that his family was comprised of travelers from the Konya locale of Turkey. Ali Riza Efendi was a minor neighborhood official and a wood vender. Mustafas mother Zubeyde Hanim was a blue-peered toward Turkish or conceivably Macedonian lady who (surprisingly for that time) could peruse and compose. Zubeyde Hanim needed her child to consider religion, however Mustafa would grow up with a progressively common turn of psyche. The couple had six youngsters, however just Mustafa and his sister Makbule Atadan made due to adulthood. Strict and Military Education As a little fellow, Mustafa hesitantly went to a strict school. His dad later permitted him to move to the Semsi Efendi School, a mainstream tuition based school. When Mustafa was 7, his dad kicked the bucket. At 12 years old, Mustafa chose, without talking with his mom, that he would take the selection test for a military secondary school. He at that point went to the Monastir Military High School and in 1899 took a crack at the Ottoman Military Academy. In January 1905, Mustafa graduated and started his vocation in the military. Military Career Following quite a while of military preparing, Atatã ¼rk entered the Ottoman Army as a chief. He served in the Fifth Army in Damascus until 1907. He at that point moved to Manastir, presently known as Bitola, in the Republic of Macedonia. In 1910, he battled to stifle the Albanian uprising in Kosovo. His rising notoriety as a military man removed the next year, during the Italo-Turkish War of 1911 to 1912. The Italo-Turkish War emerged from a 1902 understanding among Italy and France over separating Ottoman terrains in North Africa. The Ottoman Empire was referred to around then as the wiped out man of Europe, so other European forces were concluding how to share the riches of its breakdown some time before the occasion really occurred. France guaranteed Italy control of Libya, at that point involved three Ottoman regions, as an end-result of non-impedance in Morocco. Italy propelled a gigantic 150,000-man armed force against Ottoman Libya in September 1911. Atatã ¼rk was one of the Ottoman leaders sent to repulse this attack with just 8,000 customary soldiers, in addition to 20,000 neighborhood Arab and Bedouin local army individuals. He was vital to the December 1911 Ottoman triumph in the Battle of Tobruk, in which 200 Turkish and Arab warriors held off 2,000 Italians and drove them over from theâ city of Tobruk. In spite of this valiant obstruction, Italy overpowered the Ottomans. In the Octoberâ 1912 Treaty of Ouchy, the Ottoman Empire transferred ownership of control of the regions of Tripolitania, Fezzan, and Cyrenaica, which became Italian Libya. Balkan Wars As Ottoman control of the realm dissolved, ethnic patriotism spread among the different people groups of the Balkan area. In 1912 and 1913, ethnic clash broke out twice in the First and Second Balkan Wars. In 1912, the Balkan League (comprised of the recently free Montenegro, Bulgaria, Greece, and Serbia) assaulted the Ottoman Empire so as to wrest away control of zones overwhelmed by their separate ethnic gatherings that were still under Ottoman suzerainty. Through suzerainty, a country keeps up interior self-rule while another country or area controls international strategy and worldwide relations. The Ottomans, including Atatã ¼rks troops, lost the First Balkan War. The next year during the Second Balkan War, the Ottomans recaptured a great part of the region of Thrace that had been seized by Bulgaria. This battling at the frayed edges of the Ottoman Empire was taken care of by ethnic patriotism. In 1914, a related ethnic and regional disagreement among Serbia and the Austro-Hungarian Empire set off a chain response that before long included the entirety of the European powers in what might become World War I. World War I and Gallipoli World War I was a vital period in Atatã ¼rks life. The Ottoman Empire joined its partners (Germany and the Austro-Hungarian Empire) to shape the Central Powers, battling against Britain, France, Russia, and Italy. Atatã ¼rk anticipated that the Allied Powers would assault the Ottoman Empire at Gallipoli; he instructed the nineteenth Division of the Fifth Army there. Under Atatã ¼rks authority, the Turks held off a British and French endeavor to progress up the Gallipoli Peninsula, dispensing a key destruction on the Allies. England and France sent in an aggregate of 568,000 men through the span of the Gallipoli Campaign, including enormous quantities of Australians and New Zealanders. Of these, 44,000 were murdered and just about 100,000 were injured. The Ottoman power was littler, numbering around 315,500 men, of whom around 86,700 were executed and more than 164,000 were injured. The Turks clutched the high ground at Gallipoli, keeping the Allied powers stuck to the sea shores. This bleeding however effective guarded activity shaped one of the focal points of Turkish patriotism in the years to come, and Atatã ¼rk was at the focal point, all things considered, Following the Allied withdrawal from Gallipoli in January 1916, Atatã ¼rk took on fruitful conflicts against the Russian Imperial Army in the Caucasus. In March 1917, he got order of the whole Second Army, despite the fact that their Russian adversaries pulled back very quickly because of the episode of the Russian Revolution. The ruler was resolved to support the Ottoman safeguards in Arabiaâ and persuaded Atatã ¼rk to go to Palestine after the British caught Jerusalem in December 1917. He kept in touch with the legislature, noticing that the circumstance in Palestine was sad, and suggested that another guarded position be set up in Syria. At the point when Constantinople dismissed this arrangement, Atatã ¼rk surrendered his post and came back to the capital. As the Central Powers rout lingered, Atatã ¼rk returned again to the Arabian Peninsula to oversee a precise retreat. The Ottoman powers lost the Battle of Megiddo in September 1918. This was the start of the finish of the Ottoman world. All through October and early November, under a truce with the Allied Powers, Atatã ¼rk sorted out the withdrawal of the staying Ottoman powers in the Middle East. He came back to Constantinople on November 13, 1918, to think that its involved by the triumphant British and French. The Ottoman Empire was no more. Turkish War of Independence Atatã ¼rk was entrusted with rearranging the worn out Ottoman Army in April 1919â so that it could give inward security during the progress. Rather, he started to sort out the military into a patriot obstruction development. He gave the Amasya Circular in June of that year, notice that Turkeys autonomy was in danger. Mustafa Kemal was very right on that point. The Treaty of Sevres, marked in August 1920, required the segment of Turkey among France, Britain, Greece, Armenia, the Kurds, and a global power at the Bosporus Strait. Just a little state revolved around Ankara would stay in Turkish hands. This arrangement was totally unsuitable to Atatã ¼rk and his kindred Turkish patriots. Indeed, it implied war. England started to lead the pack in dissolving Turkeys parliament and solid outfitting the ruler into transferring ownership of his residual rights. Accordingly, Atatã ¼rk called another national political decision and had a different parliament introduced, with himself as the speaker. This was known as the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. At the point when the Allied occupation powers attempted to segment Turkey according to the Treaty of Sevres, the Grand National Assembly (GNA) set up a military and propelled the War of Turkish Independence. All through 1921, the GNA armed force under Atatã ¼rk enlisted a great many triumphs against the neighboring forces. By the accompanying harvest time, Turkish patriot troops had pushed the possessing powers out of the Turkish landmass. Republic of Turkey On July 24, 1923, the GNA and the European forces marked the Treaty of Lausanne, perceiving a completely sovereign Republic of Turkey. As the primary chosen leader of the new Republic, Atatã ¼rk would lead one of the universes swiftest and best modernization battles ever. Atatã ¼rk abrogated the workplace of the Muslim Caliphate, which had repercussions for the entirety of Islam. Be that as it may, no new caliph was delegated somewhere else. Atatã ¼rk additionally secularized instruction, empowering the improvement of non-strict grade schools for the two young ladies and young men. In 1926, in the most extreme change to date, Atatã ¼rk abrogated the Islamic courts and established mainstream common law all through Turkey. Ladies currently had equivalent rights to acquire property and separation their spouses. The president considered ladies to be a fundamental piece of the workforce if Turkey somehow managed to turn into an affluent current country. At last, Atatã ¼rk substituted the customary Arabic content for composed Turkish with another letters in order dependent on Latin. Demise Mustafa Kemal got known as Atatã ¼rk, which means granddad or progenitor of the Turks, as a result of his vital job in establishing and driving the new, autonomous territory of Turkey. Atatã ¼rk passed on pattyshaw143http://www.blogger.com/profile/10488403677324544093noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5521549565899914053.post-27740822676957505272020-08-22T05:46:00.001-07:002020-08-22T05:46:08.494-07:00Longitudinal Relations Wean Parental Media ââ¬Myassignmenthelp.ComQuestion: Talk About The Longitudinal Relations Wean Parental Media? Answer: Introducation Media checking is the procedure of cautiously perusing, tuning in and perception of the media substance and the media diaries. This incorporates the sharp perception of the papers, diaries, magazines, web substance and a lot more all things considered. Mechanical headways over the most recent few years because of globalization has had an extraordinary effect on our lives. It has helped us to change our way of life absolutely (Gentile et al. 2014). It is hypothetically just as basically demonstrated that devices which are the most significant creations of the most recent decade have been the fundamental driver behind such an exceptional change. TV was one of the most significant disclosure of the only remaining century which greatly affected our lives. The information that individuals gained from the books were presently obvious in TV. After this came the phones which upset the manner in which individuals speak with one another. At long last the PDAs a portable specialized gadget came into the market in the mid 90s. Anyway the greatest effect that changed our life was the development of online life devices like facebook, twitter and numerous other such web stages were various individuals from around the globe have a free access and can converse with one another unreservedly. Cell phone are the most recent type of PDAs which has taken the versatile market by a tempest. Its fame is a direct result of its performing various tasks exercises (Bekkers, Edwards de Kool, 2013). An individual working the advanced cell can play out a huge scope of various assignments like person to person communication, web perusing, web based shopping, web talking, online installments, web banking, games and a lot more all things considered. Cell phone additionally have an ideal GPS framework that serves to handily follow and find maps of better places. My present Smartphone is the principal telephone that I have purchased in the year 2016. It is a Motorola gadget that has a decent notoriety in the market. Aside from the previously mentioned utilizes my Smartphone additionally has voice acknowledgment includes that help me to impart and play out the entirety of my undertakings effectively and proficiently (Ruggiero Vos, 2014). I was at first hesitant about purchasing a Smartphone however after I got it I am very much aware of the various uses that it has been giving me. I spend the greater part of my time on my Smartphone as it devours over 80% of my media and web use. I have given a figure in this report to show my multi day utilization of the Smartphone. The figure will feature the various substance of the media that I get to every day. Such various sorts of media use incorporate my web based life use, news content perusing and numerous different types of web locales which I get to. I ordinarily go through around 3 hours in getting to the substance of my Facebook and Twitter Accounts. The online networking applications positively affect my development as in light of the fact that it encourages me to keep in contact with all my family companions, family members and old companions all the time. There are numerous individuals who are my precious ones however they remain at removed spots that isn't anything but difficult to visit. Facebook causes me to abbreviate the separation of correspondence as in light of the fact that I can without much of a stretch get in touch with them with only a single tick. As I am an alumni I have additionally made various records in various occupation entrances to get a thought of the various sorts of employments and apply for them without any problem. This procedure has helped me to get various diverse meeting calls from an immense scope of organizations that are in scan for topping off various opportunities. Such an open door encourages me to create myself as an individual and causes me to accomplish my own objectives. I follow various things in internet based life. Football has been my leisure activity from my youth days along these lines my online life look depend chiefly on football around the globe. I appreciate perusing various articles on the wonderful game and as such posts remark on every one of them. My auxiliary searchers incorporate summed up news and numerous other such various things. Aside from the previously mentioned assignments my other media related exercises incorporates distinctive online media channels, sports related news channels, you tube recordings including live football matches, live talk shows, films and other perusing exercises. You tube causes me to get to the features of various games matches which are broadcasted late around evening time. Goal.com is one of my preferred sites and I surf it routinely either toward the start of my riding period or at the completion. As referenced before I additionally get to various sorts of famous news stations both in the web just as on TV. Such news causes me to keep an update about the most recent happenings in and around the globe. Papers have likewise filled in as a significant media instrument that has helped me to be refreshed about the various kinds of news both nearby just as universal. My TV programs again incorporates football matches, diverse games and some chose local just as universal films. I favor viewing science fiction motion pictures and activity films the most. Dim sentimental spine chillers are likewise one of my top choices. Aside from this shows I make it a point to watch National Geographic and Animal planet at any rate once in seven days to increase a tremendous information on various logical progressions and the secret of the collective of animals. Aside from the positive effects that media have helped me to achieve there are various negative effects of utilizing media substance. The dangers of utilizing web as a media source are a lot higher than the positive effects. Presentation of the private and secret data is one of the fundamental dangers of utilizing the web. Banking exchanges are viewed as one of the most dangerous exchanges that occur through the web. There are frequently situations where online cheats have been accounted for. There are a lot progressively such troubles related with the utilization of web. This incorporates sharing individual photographs that can be transformed by different people, spreading malware and infections through the spam sends and different sources (Bazarova, 2016). As of late there was a tremendous upheaval of web infection where the programmers hacked all the significant government locales, authoritative destinations and requested payment sum from the specialists to expel the infection fro m the framework. Digital tormenting structures another fundamental danger of the web as individuals may think that its uncomfortable to deal with such issues. Various types of rough and dishonest promotions in TV have made an issue for the watchers (Loukis, Charalabidis Androutsopoulou, 2017). In the wake of estimating my day by day normal media use I discovered that I devote the vast majority of my opportunity to Smartphone. All my various uses are met by utilizing Smartphone. The mechanical headways has made Smartphone a necessary piece of my life. In the coming days logical changes will make various devices more easy to use and will continuously lessen human work. In this way I have been effective in getting a thought regarding media use and its effect on me. References Bazarova, N. N. (2016). Sharing Our Lives Online: Risks and Exposure in Social Media. Bekkers, V., Edwards, A., de Kool, D. (2013). Online life checking: Responsive administration in the shadow of surveillance?.Government Information Quarterly,30(4), 335-342. Field, J., Chelliah, J. (2013). Bosses need to get to grasps with internet based life dangers: two key arrangements required to cover all the bases.Human Resource Management International Digest,21(7), 25-26. Gentile, D. A., Reimer, R. A., Nathanson, A. I., Walsh, D. An., Eisenmann, J. C. (2014). Defensive impacts of parental checking of childrens media use: a planned study.JAMA pediatrics,168(5), 479-484. Loukis, E., Charalabidis, Y., Androutsopoulou, A. (2017). Advancing open development in the open part through web-based social networking monitoring.Government Information Quarterly,34(1), 99-109. Padilla-Walker, L. M., Coyne, S. M., Collier, K. M. (2016). Longitudinal relations between parental media checking and immature hostility, prosocial conduct, and externalizing problems.Journal of adolescence,46, 86-97. Petrovic, R., Tehranchi, B., Jemili, K., Winograd, J. M., Angelico, D. A. (2014).U.S. Patent No. 8,806,517. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Ruggiero, A., Vos, M. (2014). Web based life observing for emergency correspondence: Process, strategies and patterns in the logical literature.Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies,4(1), 105. Zhang, B., Vos, M. (2014). Online life observing: points, strategies, and difficulties for universal companies.Corporate Communications: An International Journal,19(4), 371-383. pattyshaw143http://www.blogger.com/profile/10488403677324544093noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5521549565899914053.post-80623918527624130402020-08-09T04:36:00.001-07:002020-08-09T04:36:03.719-07:00Science Out Loud!Science Out Loud! I think Ive accidentally begun a quest to be involved with ALL THE (VIDEO) THINGS on campus, from MITx to TAing the ESG educational video course to becoming a Educational Media/Multimedia Fellow for the MIT+K12 Videos Program. That last one might sound a little familiar to the blogosphere. The MIT+K12 Videos Program is managed (and executive produced) by blogger alum Elizabeth C. 13. She created the web series Science Out Loud to tap into the knowledge/expertise/enthusiasm of MIT students and make STEM topics more accessible and exciting to a K-12 audience. And Science Out Loud is how fellow blogger Anastassia B. 16 made her awesome video about plant metabolomes. So, as a MIT+K12 Videos Fellow, Ive been working on various projects involving educational/digital media literacy, outreach, and production. We also have a blog, where Ill be writing about my experiences as a Fellow. Like I said, doing ALL THE (VIDEO) THINGS. Have I posted this before? I think Ive posted this before. 1) Teaching During IAP, I was a teaching assistant for the very first time. Elizabeth taught a course called 20.219: Becoming the Next Bill Nye, which fellow blogger Yuliya K. 18 took by crazy random happenstance. (Three generations of bloggers in one room?! Crazypants.) Over the course of three weeks, a group of seven students (from MIT undergrads to grad students to Sloan fellows to Singapore University of Technology and Design undergrads) learned basic scripting, hosting, and video production skills. Along the way, they developed some digital media literacy â" what I would argue is the biggest takeaway from this class, because more digital media literacy means better video content being produced â" and created a final video project in the style of a Science Out Loud episode. It was a class that I loved helping out with and would have LOVED to take if I was unfamiliar with online video. Elizabeth and I share a lot of the same values when it comes to educational video production, and she structured the course so that students could think critically and discuss about what makes a good video (because best practices dont really exist yet) BEFORE they jump headfirst into making their own. I think that a lot of people underestimate the amount of work that goes into video production â" any MIT student can sit in front of a camera and talk about science! â" so it was really great to see students push themselves and each other (through peer critiques) to make the best project iterations possible. Some major takeaways from the class? In writing, you must kill your darlings â" a Faulkner quote that was basically our mantra during the ideation period, scriptwriting, editing, etc. If youre going to tell a compelling story, you have to revise and revise and revise and cant become too attached to any one idea. Which is easier said than done. Listen to Ira Glass â" He talks about the gap between having good taste and being able to produce creative work that you think is good. Its frustrating, especially when you know you can identify what you like or dont like about a video but cant quite emulate that in your own projects. But you cant keep improving without making things and actively trying to get better. I made a class Tumblr where people made daily blog posts, in case youre curious about the types of assignments they did or what the final projects looked like. You can even read my daily reflection posts, if you want, or track any other students progress throughout the class. 2) Writing Hosting Ive always been more comfortable behind the camera than in front of it, which is part of why my vlogging experiment for the Admissions Blogs is so helpful. (Lets ignore the fact that Ive been the opposite of Batman recently and havent vlogged in a while. Community, anyone?) So when Elizabeth asked if I wanted to be part of Science Out Loud Season 3, I hesitated mightily. But she convinced me to give it a shot because most everyone has reservations about hosting. While everyone in 20.219 was working on their videos, I was also researching and writing a video script that evolved (after several iterations and a lot of feedback from part of the Science Out Loud team aka. Elizabeth and George) into a script on regeneration â" why some lizards can regrow limbs, why humans cant regrow arms, and why scientists are currently studying human livers because the liver is the only organ that can regrow large amounts of cells in vivo and still form functional tissue. We filmed my video over the course of two days. Day 1 involved an 8:30am call time in Building 68 (not the Koch, but the bio departments home base), a road trip to a Jabberwock reptiles (I geeked out so hard over all the lizards and snakes and amphibians and very nearly wanted to adopt a gecko and take her home), a trip back to the B-Entry lounge in MacGregor to film with some cow livers, and recording voiceover of all my lines in a conference room inside the Office of Digital Learning. For me, it was probably an 11 or 12 hour day, but my only real responsibility was memorizing and delivering lines. Not to mention the fact that Elizabeth and George and Adam (our cameraman and lighting expert) stayed a little longer to unload and charge equipment and go over the plan for shooting the next day. Blue-tongued skink! Day 2 was a lot shorter for me (even though it was just as long for the rest of the crew, because they were working with another student). We had contacted my previous UROP mentor/20.109 lab instructor, Shannon, to see if we could film in the tissue culture room of the Course 20 teaching lab so we wouldnt be in anyones way and no long-term experiments were going on (as opposed to every other lab in campus, which have busy grad students working). So I got to dust off all of my rusty tissue culture skills, since I hadnt worked in a lab for about a year at that point, and deliver a couple final lines for my video. My only real responsibility as a host was memorizing and delivering lines. I say only, but that has a connotation that acting is easy â" acting is very, very tiring and hard but also kind of fun if you push past your reservations. But Im so curious about video production and this was my first time on anything like a real set, so I tried to learn as much as possible while we were filming my video. I badgered the crew with a couple questions and offered to set up lights or wrap cables and learn what different pieces of equipment did. Which is, I think, how I ended up talking to Elizabeth about helping out with some other shoots as a production assistant. The amazing and derpy Season 3 team. (Im not sure they know I have these pictures but I was in the group text sooo) 3) Being a Production Assistant [FYI this bit is shamelessly reposted, with a couple tweaks, from the MIT+K12 Fellows Tumblr. Still my writing; Im just happy with how it sounds.] On the morning after filming my video, I wandered through the slushy streets of Cambridge in search of jawbreakers. 1 hour and 4 stores later (La Verdes, Shaws, CVS, and Walgreens), I was carrying a bag full of multi-colored off-brand âjaw-busters,â a box of Gobstoppers, and a novelty-size rainbow lollipop. Apparently jawbreakers, while iconic, are hard to sell so nobody keeps them in stock. So why, exactly, was I on an epic quest for a specialized candy product? The Science Out Loud crew was filming a video on bone remodeling (think: what happens to your teeth when you get braces) with Andrea, one of the students from 20.219, and needed jawbreakers as a prop. And, as a temporary production assistant, these are the kinds of errands that fell under my job. A production assistant (PA) as Wikipedia defines it, is âa member of the film crew and is a job title used in filmmaking and television for a person responsible for various aspects of a production.â Basically, that means a PA is there to help out with whatever the most urgent needs of the production are. I did everything from: Buying lunch for the talent and crew Picking up a welding mask Acting as a temporary camera holder Taping jackets over windows (lighting quick fixes) Taking pictures of the locations before we moved stuff Moving stuff Setting up lights Adjusting lights Tracking down tripods Sneaking pictures of the shoot (see below) Wrapping cables Unwrapping cables Executing a super-dramatic lighting cue (translation: pushing a button) Writing down notes about the various takes Meeting a pizza guy and bringing food upstairs The last two were probably the most important. (All jokes aside, writing notes on the different takes is incredibly useful for post-production, especially for the editor, and was genuinely one of my most important jobs that day.) While it may not sound like the most glamorous job, I had an absolute blast. It kind of reminded me of being a stage manager, where your role is pretty much to make things run as smooth as possible, minus the yelling at actors bit. And it was a totally different experience from being in front of the camera. When I was hosting, my main job was to memorize lines and keep up my enthusiasm and drink tons of water to make sure my voice didnt die (my voice likes to die because I rarely talk for long periods of time⦠presentations are a struggle). But when I was a PA, I could ask all the questions I wanted about the lighting setup and camera setup and why clothespins are called C47s. Most of the time, though, I felt silly asking (or didnât know what to ask) and just observed what George (the director) and Adam (camera/lights) were doing or helped out wherever I could. Even though I was only on set for 6ish hours, I learned SO many practical things that you canât quite grasp without being on a film (online video?) set â" even though Iâm sure I could read plenty of lighting theory about tips to creating an artificial mid-afternoon, thereâs nothing comparable to watching/helping a lighting designer adjust color temperatures and beam widths until the shot looks just right. Like, this is how the magic happens. These are the same basic principles that go into filming your favorite TV show or the next blockbuster movie, only on a much smaller scale. These are the things that I want to learn, but MIT will never offer a class on (except kind of in the theater department, but even their classes are more design-oriented than practical/get-your-hands-dirty sometimes) because thatâs not what this Instituteâs about. Sigh. (This is one of those times where I really think I shouldâve gone to a liberal arts or film or art school instead.) Self-reflection aside, being a production assistant for Science Out Loud was one of the coolest experiences Iâve had in relation to MIT. Hopefully theyâll need me again in March during reshoots (even though that probably means the shoot is complicated or something is very logistically stressful). And I guess this ties into what I want to accomplish this semester with the Fellowship (which, in turn, ties into what I want to accomplish in life possibly-maybe-who knows). I want to make cool things and do more cool things, whether those things involve writing blog posts or making videos or being on a film set or thinking critically about educational videos and digital media literacy. I think Iâm tired of taking classes where I canât actually apply the material or donât feel motivated/inspired to pursue it further. Itâs kind of making me stir-crazy. But I really enjoy what MIT+K12 Videos is doing, I really enjoy Science Out Loud, I really enjoy advocating for good content creation and the importance of digital media. So I think this should be a great couple of months. pattyshaw143http://www.blogger.com/profile/10488403677324544093noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5521549565899914053.post-69849307853987577592020-05-23T14:16:00.001-07:002020-05-23T14:16:04.352-07:00What Is a Testable Hypothesis A hypothesis is a tentative answer to a scientific question. A testable hypothesis is aà hypothesis that can be proved or disproved as a result of testing, data collection, or experience. Only testable hypotheses can be used to conceive and perform an experiment using the scientific method. Requirements for a Testable Hypothesis In order to be considered testable, two criteria must be met: It must be possible to prove that the hypothesis is true.It must be possible to prove that the hypothesis is false.It must be possible to reproduce the results of the hypothesis. Examples of a Testable Hypothesis All the following hypotheses are testable. Its important, however, to note that while its possible to say that the hypothesis is correct, much more research would be required to answer the question why is this hypothesis correct?à Students who attend class have higher grades than students who skip class.à This is testable because it is possible to compare the grades of students who do and do not skip class and then analyze the resulting data. Another person could conduct the same research and come up with the same results.People exposed to high levels of ultraviolet light have a higher incidence of cancer than the norm.à This is testable because it is possible to find a group of people who have been exposed to high levels of ultraviolet light and compare their cancer rates to the average.If you put peopleà in a dark room, then they will be unable to tell when an infrared light turns on.à This hypothesis is testable because it is possible to put a group of people into a dark room, turn on an infrared light, and ask the people in the room whether or not an infrared light has been turned on. Examples of a Hypothesis Not Written in a Testable Form It doesnt matter whether or not you skip class.à This hypothesis cant be tested because it doesnt make any actual claim regarding the outcome of skipping class. It doesnt matter doesnt have any specific meaning, so it cant be tested.Ultraviolet light could causeà cancer.à The word could makes a hypothesis extremely difficult to test because it is very vague. There could, for example, be UFOs watching us at every moment, even though its impossible to prove that they are there!Goldfish make better pets than guinea pigs.à This is not a hypothesis; its a matter of opinion. There is no agreed-upon definition of what a better pet is, so while it is possible to argue the point, there is no way to prove it. How to Propose a Testable Hypothesis Now that you know what a testable hypothesis is, here are tips for proposing one. Try to write the hypothesis as an if-then statement. If you take an action, then a certain outcome is expected.Identify the independent and dependent variable in the hypothesis. The independent variable is what you are controlling or changing. You measure the effect this has on the dependent variable.Write the hypothesis in such a way that you can prove or disprove it. For example, a person has skin cancer, you cant prove they got it from being out in the sun. However, you can demonstrate a relationship between exposure to ultraviolet light and increased risk of skin cancer.Make sure you are proposing a hypothesis you can test with reproducible results.à If your face breaks out, you cant prove the breakout was caused by the french fries you had for dinner last night. However, you can measure whether or not eating french fries is associated with breaking out. Its a matter of gathering enough data to be able to reproduce results and draw a conclusion. pattyshaw143http://www.blogger.com/profile/10488403677324544093noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5521549565899914053.post-6185893657124624992020-05-12T10:22:00.001-07:002020-05-12T10:22:03.982-07:00Sample Presentation on Success in Life Public speaking is a difficult task for anyone regardless of ones personality traits. Both extroverts and introverts experience difficulties when giving public presentations because simply being confident is not enough to deliver a good presentation. A successful presentation is one that captures the interest of an audience and delivering one involves preparing a written sample and practicing its delivery. Here is a sample presentation on success in life. It is important to note that success has different meanings for each of us. A professional athlete might define success as winning a medal in the Olympics while simply qualifying for the Olympics would be viewed as success to other athletes. Irrespective of your definition of what it means to be successful, there is a general mind set and approach you must imbibe to achieve it. It consists of, first of all, thinking positively: are you an optimist or a pessimist? Whichever your answer is, it is important that one understands the power of the mind and how it affects the way we approach tasks. Mastering the act of positivity gives everyone a head start in life regardless of the challenges you might face working to achieve your goals. You must also be willing to work diligently: in a professional setting, diligence means the ability to work hard and go the extra mile to get your job done. Irrespective of work policies, a diligent worker will always be noticed which could lead to rapid promotions and ultimately a successful career in life. Setting attainable goals is an important skill for success as well. Breaking down your goals into set categories is one way to stay focused while striving to achieve your aims. To do this, simply divide bulky projects into smaller components and set timeframes for completing each component. Once this is done, you must avoid procrastination when trying to execute the required task. With time, working to achieve set goals by effectively managing your time will become a part of you. To be successful you have to achieve a good work-life balance: while wealth and financial success increases an individuals quality of life, a good upbringing and family life elevates the society we live in. Therefore, it is imperative for all who make up the working class to also pay attention to their personal health, happiness and family. Employers are also saddled with the responsibility of ensuring that their workers are provided with enough time to participate in family activities. You also need to learn to communicate properly. We interact by talking, and developing good interpersonal skills is important for achieving success both in the professional and domestic front. Successful professionals learn to communicate their ideas perfectly through speaking, in writing or by presenting information using PowerPoint. At home, speaking with your close ones and understanding your familys needs will make communication among family members delightful. Lastly, striving to do your best in every situation you find yourself ensures that you are on the pathway to success in both your professional and domestic life. References Christina, D. (2015). 7 Scientifically Proven Ways to Achieve Better Success in Life. Available at: http://www.inc.com/christina-desmarais/7-scientifically-proven-ways-to-achieve-better-success-in-life.html Larry, S. (2015). 20 Essential Life Lessons for Happiness and Success. Available at: http://www.forbes.com/sites/laurashin/2014/08/18/20-essential-life-lessons-for-happiness-and-success/#557c24378682 Kara, H. (2014). How To Be Successful In Life: 13 Tips From The Worldââ¬â¢s Most Successful People. Available at: http://www.lifehack.org/articles/lifestyle/how-to-be-successful-in-life.html Gayle, S. (2014). 10 Characteristics Successful Business Owners Share. Available at: http://www.businessknowhow.com/growth/bizlife.html Meiko, P. (2014). 21 Ways to Achieve Wealth and Success. Available at: https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/238630 Napoleon, H. (1937). Think and Grow Rich, 8-9. Carnegie, D. (2011). How To Win Friends and Influence People, 143. pattyshaw143http://www.blogger.com/profile/10488403677324544093noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5521549565899914053.post-13935419591255744572020-05-06T12:15:00.001-07:002020-05-06T12:15:10.762-07:00Secondary Data Free Essays string(150) " by customer location product Q\) What is a computerized Data Base\? COMPUTERIZED DATA BASE A database is simply a collection of related information\." Q) What are Secondary Data? Secondary Data Secondary data is information gathered for purposes other than the completion of a research project. Data previously collected by someone else, possibly for some other purpose that can be used later for making decisions if found suitable for the purpose, other than the original one. Secondary data can be acquired from the internal records of the organization, their departments, subsidiaries or sister organizations and also from external sources, such as chambers of commerce, government, professional and commercial consultants subject to the availability of data . We will write a custom essay sample on Secondary Data or any similar topic only for you Order Now e. g. , data in books, journals, newspapers, magazines, etc. â⬠¢ e. g. , data in reports, surveys, etc A variety of secondary information sources is available to the researcher gathering data on an industry, potential product applications and the market place. Secondary data is also used to gain initial insight into the research problem. Secondary data is classified in terms of its source ââ¬â either internal or external. Internal, or in-house data, is secondary information acquired within the organization where research is being carried out. External secondary data is obtained from outside sources. The secondary information will provide a useful background and will identify key questions and issues that will need to be addressed by the primary research. BENEFITS â⬠¢ Low cost â⬠¢ Less effort â⬠¢ Less time â⬠¢ At times, more accurate â⬠¢ At times, only way to obtain data LIMITATION â⬠¢ Collected for some other purpose â⬠¢ No control over data collection â⬠¢ May not be accurate â⬠¢ May not be in correct form â⬠¢ May be outdated â⬠¢ May not meet data requirements â⬠¢ Assumptions have to be made Q) What are the major problems encountered with Secondary Data? It is necessary that the secondary data are taken from a source which obtained from the original source, and then a secondary source is being used. It is important to avoid the use of secondary sources by using only the original sources for a Secondary Data. The other problems may include: â⬠¢ Secondary information pertinent to the research topic is either not available, or is only available in insufficient quantities. â⬠¢ Some secondary data may be of questionable accuracy and reliability. Even government publications and trade magazines statistics can be misleading. For example, many trade magazines survey their members to derive estimates of market size, market growth rate and purchasing patterns, then average out these results. Often these statistics are merely average opinions based on less than 10% of their members. â⬠¢ Data may be in a different format or units than is required by the researcher. â⬠¢ The methodology used by the party for collecting the secondary data is not explained and the accuracy level may not be verified. Much secondary data is several years old and may not reflect the current market conditions. Trade journals and other publications often accept articles six months before appear in print. The research may have been done months or even years earlier. Q) What are the major sources of Internal Data? Internal Data Internal secondary data is usually an inexpensive information source for the company conducting research, and is the place to start for existing operations. Internally generated sales and pricing data can be used as a research source. The use of this data is to define the competitive position of the firm, an evaluation of a marketing strategy the firm has used in the past, or gaining a better understanding of the companyââ¬â¢s best customers. The main sources of internal data may include: 1. Sales and marketing reports. These can include such things as: â⬠¢ Type of product/service purchased â⬠¢ Type of end-user/industry segment â⬠¢ Method of payment â⬠¢ Product or product line â⬠¢ Sales territory â⬠¢ Salesperson â⬠¢ Date of purchase â⬠¢ Amount of purchase â⬠¢ Price â⬠¢ Application by product â⬠¢ Location of end-user 2. Accounting and financial records. These are often an overlooked source of internal secondary information and can be invaluable in the identification, clarification and prediction of certain problems. Accounting records can be used to evaluate the success of various marketing strategies such as revenues from a direct marketing campaign. There are several problems in using accounting and financial data. One is the timeliness factor ââ¬â it is often several months before accounting statements are available. Another is the structure of the records themselves. Most firms do not adequately setup their accounts to provide the types of answers to research questions that they need. For example, the account systems should capture project/product costs in order to identify the companyââ¬â¢s most profitable (and least profitable) activities. Companies should also consider establishing performance indicators based on financial data. These can be industry standards or unique ones designed to measure key performance factors that will enable the firm to monitor its performance over a period of time and compare it to its competitors. Some example may be sales per employee, sales per square foot, expenses per employee (salesperson, etc. ). 3. Miscellaneous reports. These can include such things as inventory reports, service calls, number (qualifications and compensation) of staff, production and RD reports. Also the companyââ¬â¢s business plan and customer calls (complaints) log can be useful sources of information. COMMON SOURCES OF INTERNAL SECONDARY DATA Information originating within the company 1. Sales invoices a. Customer name b. Address c. Class of product/service sold d. Price by unit e. Salesperson f. Term of sales g. Shipment point 2. Accounts receivable reports a. Customer name b. Product purchased c. Total unit and dollar sales d. Customer as percentage of sales . Customer as percentage of regional sales f. Profit margin g. Credit rating h. Items returned i. Reason for return 3. Quarterly sales report a. Total dollar and unit sales by: Customer Geographic segment Customer segment Sales territory Product Sales report Product segment b. Total sales against planned objective c. Total sales against budget d. Total sales against prio r periods e. Actual sales percentage increase/decrease f. Contribution trends 4. Sales activity reports a. Classification of customer account i. e. Mega, Large, Medium and Small b. Available dollar sales potential c. Current sales penetration d. Existing bids/contracts by customer location product Q) What is a computerized Data Base? COMPUTERIZED DATA BASE A database is simply a collection of related information. You read "Secondary Data" in category "Essay examples" More specifically a computerized database is a computerized record keeping system. More completely, it is a system involving data, the hardware that physically stores that data, the software that utilizes the hardwareââ¬â¢s file system in order to 1) store the data and 2) provide a standardized method for retrieving or changing the data, and finally, the users who turn the data into information. For many companies, a computerized database containing information about customers and prospects has become an essential marketing tool. Creating an internal marketing secondary database built upon sales results and customer preferences can be a powerful marketing tool. Databases dealing with published information usually found in libraries, such as books, articles and other types of documents, are commonly called bibliographic databases. Computerized databases published secondary data, the Internet, and internal databases are important parts of an organizationââ¬â¢s information system. Intelligent decision making is always predicated on having good information. â⬠¢ When a person uses an automated teller machine to withdraw money from the bank account, he/she is using a computerized database. â⬠¢ When a travel agent makes an airline reservation for the customers, he/she is using a computerized database. â⬠¢ When a telephone operator gives the customer a phone number, he/she is using a computerized database. Any significant collections of information stored on computers are virtually always organized as databases and are known as computerized data base. Computerized Database On-line vendors ââ¬â purchase (rent) databases from a number of suppliers and sell to the subscribers (e. g. services provided by America Online, DIALOG). ON-LINE DATABASES Provide http: easy and direct access to public information through a computer. There are about 7,000 databases on a variety of topics that one can use. Q) Describe a specialized online data base of marketing manager? An online database which can be used by a marketing manager for Substantial Cost Savings, for Increasing the understanding of the Decision Environment, Upgrading the Decision-Making Effectiveness, Improving the Information Value. This may include: â⬠¢ Internet ââ¬â World-wide telecommunications network that allows computers to access data, files, pictures and sound throughout the world. â⬠¢ World Wide Web ââ¬â Component of the Internet designed to make transmission of text and images very easy. â⬠¢ Uniform Reference Locator (URL) ââ¬â Internet address that identifies a specific location. ââ¬â A typical Web address looks like the following: http://www. microsoft. com â⬠¢ Search Engines ââ¬â Internet search directories to aid in locating topics of interest and URLs. ââ¬â An example is Yahoo at http://www. yahoo. com On-line Databases Consist of: Internet, Direct from Vendors, Direct from Producer, Indirect through Networks Organizations Must Create a Database Management System. Managers must be trained on How to Retrieve Information and How to Manipulate the Data Using Database Management Software. A marketing manager can use a specialized data base to fulfill his/her tasks effectively and efficiently through: â⬠¢ Internet â⬠¢ Website â⬠¢ Emails â⬠¢ Online Subscriptions â⬠¢ Online queries â⬠¢ Online Feed back â⬠¢ Newsgroups on the Internet â⬠¢ Internet sites devoted to a specific topic where people can read and post messages. â⬠¢ Databases on CD ROM A number of companies offer database packages on CD ROM for personal computers that is very useful for manager in decision making and other tasks. â⬠¢ Geographic Information Systems â⬠¢ Computer-based system that uses secondary and/or primary data to generate maps that visually display answers to research questions. â⬠¢ Decision Sup port System ââ¬â Through Online Data Base an interactive, personalized MIS, designed to be initiated and controlled by individual decision makers. ââ¬â Managers use decision support systems to conduct sales analyses, forecast sales, evaluate advertising, analyze product lines, and keep tabs n market trends and competitor analysis. Creating Databases from a Web Site -A Marketing Managerââ¬â¢s Dream ââ¬â Customerââ¬â¢s link to an online store is a two-way electronic link ââ¬â Allows online merchant to gather information about the customer ââ¬â Text file place on a userââ¬â¢s computer in order to identify the user when there is a return visit to the Web site. ââ¬â Helping Managers in creation of a large computerized file of customersââ¬â¢ and potential customersââ¬â¢ profiles and purchase patterns. ââ¬â It is the fastest-growing use of internal database technology. A manager has to build companyââ¬â¢s online Pages on Search Engines. Working online to find out target audiences and provide them information through Internet services performing internet marketing services that are mention above. The services are designed to help the companyââ¬â¢s website increase its. Through this Online Database a marketing Manager is able to get, Demographic Dimensions Population growth: actual and projected Population density In-migration and out-migration patterns Population trends by age, race, and ethnic background Employment Characteristics Labor force growth Unemployment levels Percentage of employment by occupation categories Employment by industry Economic Characteristics Personal income levels (per capita and median) Type of manufacturing/service firms Total housing starts Building permits issued Sales tax rates Competitive Characteristics Levels of retail and wholesale sales Number and types of competing retailers Availability of financial institutions International Market Characteristics Transportation and exporting requirements Trade barriers Business philosophies Legal system Social customs Political climate Cultural patterns Religious and moral backgrounds Common Government Documents Used as Secondary Data Sources Statistics of Income Survey of Current Business Through a specialized Online Data Base a marketing manager able to get up-to-date information. A marketing Manager able to, â⬠¢ Evaluate sales territory. â⬠¢ PLC â⬠¢ Identify most profitable and least profitable customers. â⬠¢ Identify most profitable market segments and target efforts with greater efficiency and effectiveness. â⬠¢ Aim marketing efforts to those products, services, and segments that require the most support. â⬠¢ Increase revenue through repackaging and re-pricing products for various market segments. Evaluate opportunities for offering new products or services. â⬠¢ Identify products or services that are best-sellers or most profitable. â⬠¢ Evaluate existing marketing programs. â⬠¢ Database Technologies â⬠¢ Database technologies continue to evolve. For example, Fingerhut, a database firm, uses a Sun Microsystems parallel co mputer, whereas American Express relies on Thinking Machines Corporationââ¬â¢s supercomputers. â⬠¢ Renting Internal Databases â⬠¢ Some companies rent their internal databases to obtain extra income, although this can lead to ethical questions. [pic] How to cite Secondary Data, Essay examples pattyshaw143http://www.blogger.com/profile/10488403677324544093noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5521549565899914053.post-38742266362344199722020-05-02T04:38:00.001-07:002020-05-02T04:38:02.697-07:00Kings lear Essay Example For Students Kings lear Essay Humans, like all creatures on the earth, have the privilege of thefreedom of choice. There are two broad ranges of factors that affect thedecisions a person makes. The first factor that affects decision making isinternal and includes a persons character and intellect. The secondfactor is external such as environment and interaction with other people. Naturally, each decision a person makes results in a repercussion of somedegree, usually either helpful or hindering, and rarely inconsequential. The concept of justice is based on the fact that decisions are alwaysfollowed by consequences. It strictly adheres to the rewarding of gooddeeds and the punishment of evil. King Lear, a play by WilliamShakespeare, is a grave tragedy that is a prime example of the Elizabethanconception of justice. Lears kingdom turns to chaos because of a break inthe Great Chain of Being and restores to order when justice prevails. Its tragic labelling stems from the prevalence of death the just punishmentfor many of its characters. The deaths of Lear, Goneril, and Edmund areprime examples of justice prevailing for evil, and in Lears caseunnatural, acts. Lears ultimate fate is death. His early demise is a direct result ofbreaching the Great Chain of Being which states that no mortal willabandon his position in the hierarchy of ranking set by God. Learsintention of abdicating his throne is apparent from the outset and is seenin the following speech spoken during the opening scene of the play:. . . tis our fast intentTo shake all cares and business from our age,Conferring them on younger strengths while weUnburdened crawl toward death. . .1Evidently the splitting of Lears kingdom and abdication of his throneis not an act of necessity, but an act toward easing the remainder of hislife. Lears disruption of the Great Chain of Being is in an unnaturalfashion because the abdication of his kingship is without dire or mortalcause. The method of passing down his land to his heirs is also unnatural,as seen in the following excerpts:. . . Know that we have dividedIn three our kingdom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . We have this hour a constant will to publishOur daughters several dowers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Which of you three daughters shall we say doth love us most?That we our largest bounty may extendWhere nature doth with merit challenge. . . .2Lear does not bestow his kingdom upon his eldest son, nor is he evengoing to bestow the largest portion of the divided kingdom upon his eldestson. He expresses his intent to split his kingdom and grant the pieces ashis daughters dowers, the largest piece being granted to whichever of thethree professes to love him most. This is a violation of the natural orderof commonly accepted hierarchy that states a fathers estate be endowedupon his eldest son. An error in judgement and untempered release of angerare also factors contributing to Lears downfall. Lear listens to flatteryfrom Goneril, I love you more than word can wield the/matter;3 and Regan,I find she Goneril names my very deed of love,/Only she comes too short. . .4 in their bidding to profess they love Lear the most among the threedaughters, but Cordelia does not compete with their flattery: Cor. Unhappy that I am, I cannot heaveMy heart into my mouth. I love your Majesty LearAccording to my bond filial, no more nor less.5Cordelia cannot flatter Lear with praise and states that she merelyloves him as a daughter should love her father, with respect and obedience. Lear is so heartbroken by his youngest, and until then his most beloved,daughters refusal to praise him with her love that a rage ensues: Lear. Let it be so! thy truth then be they dower!For, by the sacred radiance of the sun,The mysteries of Hecate and the night;By all the operation of the orbs starsFrom whom we do exist and cease to be;Here I disclaim all my paternal care,Propinquity and property of blood,And as a stranger to my heart and meHold thee from this for ever. . .6Lear acknowledges that Cordelia s speaking the truth. Althoughconfessions of filial love are not inappropriate or evil, Lears judgementis clouded by anger at Cordelias refusal to praise him with flattery as hehad planned and he swears by the gods that Cordelia is no longer hisdaughter and chooses not to give any portion of land as her dower. Learsdisowning of his daughter for refusing to participate in his unnaturalrites of determining which daughters receive which lands has proved thathis judgements are misguid ed. Finally, justice is fulfilled when Lear diesat the end of the play. The justice is in response to actions that hecommits which are not necessarily evil-hearted, but for the refusal toabide by the Great Chain of Being and his irrational and cruel disowningand banishment of Cordelia. Sexual Harassment and Rape EssayYou have now the good advantage of the night. Have you not spoken gainst the Duke of Cornwall?Hes coming hither; now, i the night, i the haste,And Regan with him. Have you nothing saidUpon his party gainst the Duke of Albany?Advise yourself. Edg. I am sure ont, not a word. Edm. I hear my father coming. Pardon me!In cunning I must draw my sword upon you. Draw, seem to defend yourself; now quit you well.Yield! Come before my father. Light, ho, here!Fly, brother.Torches, torches!So farewell.13Edmund asks Edgar if he has offended the Dukes of Cornwall or Albanythat would provoke Cornwall to come to Gloucesters castle with such hastein the middle of the night. Edgar pleads innocence, forcing Edmund toenhance his deception. He tells Edgar that he must draw his sword as ifdefending himself or trying to capture a wanted man. Edgar flees, and toenhance the deception in Gloucesters eyes even further Edmund stabshimself. Bringing the murderous coward Edgar to the stake;/He thatconceals him, death.14 Gloucester, arriving on the scene, is convinced ofEdgars treason. Edmund has removed Edgar from his fathers favour, butdoes not yet possess Gloucesters lands or wealth. An opportunity presentsitself which Edmund plans to take advantage of: Glou. . . .I havereceived a letter this nighttis dangerous to be spokenIhave locked the letter in my closet. T hese injuries theKing now bears will be revenged home; there is a part of apower already footed. . .15Gloucester reveals to Edmund a letter he received. It entails that asecret power, France, has landed in the realm to revenge disrespect towardLear. Edmund says: Edm. This courtesy, forbid thee, shall the DukeInstantly know, and of that letter too. Seems a fair deserving, and must draw meThat which my father losesno less than all. The younger rises when the old doth fall.16Edmund plans to tell the Duke of Albany of the letter Gloucester hasreceived and of his journey to inform Lear of the French forces coming toaid him. The information makes Gloucester look like a traitor in theDukes eyes and Edmund realizes he will be rewarded with his fathers landssince they will be stripped from him for treason. Edmunds evilheartedness and willingness to sacrifice his family for status and wealthclearly demands some sort of punishment as justice. It is only fittingthat the betrayal of his own blood, both his father and brother, isanswered by justice in his death at Edgars hands. Lear, Goneril, and Edmund were each motivated in different ways. Learswas an unnatural and irrational motivation. Greed and selfishness movedEdmund to the decisions he made. Lastly, Gonerils heart was of the basestevil and jealousy. Although the methods and paths of their downfall weredifferent, each person suffers the identical fate as decided by justice. It is debatable whether each decision we make is weighed on a cosmic scalewith justice waiting to punish the evil or reward the good, but what iscertain is that each decision we make plays a direct role in our futures. pattyshaw143http://www.blogger.com/profile/10488403677324544093noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5521549565899914053.post-2721873232686229272020-03-22T09:39:00.001-07:002020-03-22T09:39:02.377-07:00Facebook Status Updates - a Content Analysis free essay sample Motivation When analyzing Facebook posts or messages from any other microblogging platform, you can take into account plenty of different aspects. On the one hand you can investigate correlations between posts and demographical aspects of the user, the duration of status updates, intentions of the user to share certain information, simply the content of the post and many more. Since in former research most studies concentrated only on one of these aspects, the connection between two or more of them have not yet been examined. Are, for example, certain topics often mentioned with a certain emotion or intention? Or which topics are the ones people talk negatively about or complain about? In this study the dimensions topic, intention, emotion as well as other components will be put in a relationship. Moreover most of the studies were based on automatic word and content notification software. Our analysis is based on manual work. We will write a custom essay sample on Facebook Status Updates a Content Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Often times the real intention or emotional component can only be understood by manually analyzing a Facebook post since many people might use rhetorical expressions, dialects or cryptical messages which cannot be understood by a program. Hence, this could give this study a greater extent of accuracy. Additionally, none of the former research was based only on German status updates what gives the opportunity to draw a comparison between cultures, countries or languages in future studies. Grounded Theory For this study, data analyzing concepts of grounded theory are used. Grounded Theory was introduced in 1967 by Amseln Strauss and Barney Glaser. According o Strauss and Glaser, Grounded Theory is a ââ¬Å"systematic, qualitative process used to generate a theory that explains, at a broad conceptual level, a process, an action, or interaction about a substantive topicâ⬠(Creswell, 2002, p 439) To develop a theory out of qualitative data, this approach uses a ââ¬Å"systematic set of processes to develop an inductively derived Grounded Theory about a phenomenonâ⬠(Strauss, Corbin, 1990, p24). The three basic elements of Grounded Theory are concepts, categories and propositions. They are part of the data analyzi ng process of Grounded Theory. In this paper we focus only on these three elements. In the next section, we will describe the process of coding based on the provided dataset and present our results of the analyzed data. Case study We analyzed a dataset consisting of 1200 status updates from Facebook in order to give a conclusion about what people talk about on Facebook. Therefore, we conceptualized and analyzed the data like in the following. Developing a Coding Framework According to Strauss and Corbin coding ââ¬Å"â⬠¦represents the operation by which data are broken down, conceptualized, and put back together in new ways. It is the central process by which theories are built from data. â⬠(Strauss and Corbin, 1990, p. 57) To make an analysis feasible, we developed a general coding framework that can be applied on all Facebook status updates. As several people worked on this framework, comparing results was important to receive a consistent list. The development of our coding framework consists of three steps: Developing codes, conceptualization, and developing categorizations. In the following, we elaborate on these three steps. Developing codes. The provided dataset consists of 1200 status updates of German Facebook users. For a start we performed open coding by asking simple questions like: * What is the status update about? * Is a location mentioned? * Is it positive or negative etc. We applied these questions on the first 100 status updates. When we read a post for the first time, we coded it with all associated keywords we could think of. As a result, we received an unsystematic list of keywords that represented our list of codes. Conceptualization. The unsystematic list of codes was used to identify concepts and categories. Comparing the list of codes from each coder leaded us to a more systematic first coding list. Several codes were then summarized under a common name. For example, work and study includes education, school, exam, university, programming, studying, and work. Emotions like afraid, fearing, angry, hating, bothered and stressed were conceptualized to disliking/discomfort. The developed new coding list now consists of several codes or concepts which have several meanings. Developing Categorizations. The final step that concludes the development of our coding framework is to assign categories for each code. Work and study for example fits into the category ââ¬Å"Topicâ⬠, disliking/discomfort fits in the category ââ¬Å"Emotionâ⬠. Finally we identified eight categories. Any category consists of several concepts that again consist of several meanings. We identified the following categories: Topic, Emotion, Intention, Time, Location, Speech, Valence and Process. Topic, Emotion, Location and the connected codes are self-explanatory. For Time we identified besides past, present and future, the components time pressure, time consuming, countdown, time wasting and long time. Intention explains why a user updates his or hers status update. For example expressing an opinion about something can be used as a code for intention. pattyshaw143http://www.blogger.com/profile/10488403677324544093noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5521549565899914053.post-47474137544614856232020-03-05T22:10:00.001-08:002020-03-05T22:10:02.968-08:00The Physics of a Car CollisionThe Physics of a Car Collision During a car crash, energy is transferred from the vehicle to whatever it hits, be it another vehicle or a stationary object. This transfer of energy, depending on variables that alter states of motion, can cause injuries and damage cars and property. The object that was struck will either absorb the energy thrust upon it or possibly transfer that energy back to the vehicle that struck it. Focusing on the distinction betweenà forceà andà energyà can help explain the physics involved. Force: Colliding With a Wall Car crashes are clear examples of how Newtons Laws of Motion work. His first law of motion, also referred to as the law of inertia, asserts that an object in motion will stay in motion unless an external force acts upon it. Conversely, if an object is at rest, it will remain at rest until an unbalanced force acts upon it.à Consider a situation in which car A collides with a static, unbreakable wall. The situation begins with car A traveling at a velocity (v) and, upon colliding with the wall, ending with a velocity of 0. The force of this situation is defined by Newtons second law of motion, which uses the equation of force equals mass times acceleration. In this case, the acceleration is (v - 0)/t, where t is whatever time it takes car A to come to a stop. The car exerts this force in the direction of the wall, but the wall, which is static and unbreakable, exerts an equal force back on the car, per Newtons third law of motion. This equal force is what causes cars to accordion up during collisions. Its important to note that this is an idealized model. In the case of car A, if it slams into the wall and comes to an immediate stop, that would be a perfectly inelastic collision. Since the wall doesnt break or move at all, the full force of the car into the wall has to go somewhere. Either the wall is so massive that it accelerates, or moves an imperceptible amount, or it doesnt move at all, in which case the force of the collision acts on the car and the entire planet, the latter of which is, obviously, so massive that the effects are negligible. Force: Colliding With a Car In a situation where car B collides with car C, we have different force considerations. Assuming that car B and car C are complete mirrors of each other (again, this is a highly idealized situation), they would collide with each other going at precisely the same speed but in opposite directions. From conservation of momentum, we know that they must both come to rest. The mass is the same, therefore, the force experienced by car B and car C is identical, and also identical to that acting on the car in case A in the previous example. This explains the force of the collision, but there is a second part of the question: the energy within the collision. Energy Force is a vector quantity while kinetic energy is a scalar quantity, calculated with the formula K 0.5mv2. In the second situation above, each car has kinetic energy K directly before the collision. At the end of the collision, both cars are at rest, and the total kinetic energy of the system is 0. Since these are inelastic collisions, the kinetic energy is not conserved, but total energy is always conserved, so the kinetic energy lost in the collision has to convert into some other form, such as heat, sound, etc. In the first example where only one car is moving, the energy released during the collision is K. In the second example, however, two are cars moving, so the total energy released during the collision is 2K. So the crash in case B is clearly more energetic than the case A crash. From Cars to Particles Consider the major differences between the two situations. At the quantum level of particles, energy and matter can basically swap between states. The physics of a car collision will never, no matter how energetic, emit a completely new car. The car would experience exactly the same force in both cases. The only force that acts on the car is the sudden deceleration from v to 0 velocity in a brief period of time, due to the collision with another object. However, when viewing the total system, the collision in the situation with two cars releases twice as much energy as the collision with a wall. Its louder, hotter, and likely messier. In all likelihood, the cars have fused into each other, pieces flying off in random directions. This is why physicists accelerate particles in a collider to study high-energy physics. The act of colliding two beams of particles is useful because in particle collisions you dont really care about the force of the particles (which you never really measure); you care instead about the energy of the particles. A particle accelerator speeds up particles but does so with a very real speed limitation dictated by the speed of light barrier from Einsteins theory of relativity. To squeeze some extra energy out of the collisions, instead of colliding a beam of near-light-speed particles with a stationary object, its better to collide it with another beam of near-light-speed particles going the opposite direction. From the particles standpoint, they dont so much shatter more, but when the two particles collide, more energy is released. In collisions of particles, this energy can take the form of other particles, and the more energy you pull out of the collision, the more exotic the particles are. pattyshaw143http://www.blogger.com/profile/10488403677324544093noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5521549565899914053.post-62250679138067720352020-02-18T13:36:00.001-08:002020-02-18T13:36:02.850-08:00The National Fire Academy and CDP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsThe National Fire Academy and CDP - Essay Example The institution also encompasses training programs that aid FEMA and DHS in prevention, mitigation and preparedness for fire and other emergency services (Giustina, 2014). Other institutions are incapacitated to offer such services, owing to their costs and audience inabilities. Individuals with substantial involvement in fire and prevention and control, emergency medical services, and other fire management-related courses are qualified to apply for various courses within the institution. Firefighting career is a tough profession, and individuals need to sacrifice themselves in order to fit in this challenging career. Initially, individuals could such climb careers through training and experience. However, as the world improves in aspects such as technology and other fields, individuals in the fire fighting profession ought to better their knowledge through rigorous training programs. Most individuals currently advance to degree levels of education. National Fire Academy offers management-training programs and they ought to select eligible candidates for such professions carefully. The institution should select individuals that have completed the basic training program for fire and other related emergenciesââ¬â¢ preparedness, prevention and response. This will enhance improving their knowledge on fire and disaster management, hence placing them in a better position for response in case of fire and other related disasters (Giustina, 2014). Additionally, these individuals will have background information of their training prior to the management training. The Center for Domestic Preparedness is another institute under FEMA, tasked with the responsibility of training individuals for preparedness and response to disasters that result from weapons of mass destruction, (WDM) ( Burke, 2006). The institute offers its training through pattyshaw143http://www.blogger.com/profile/10488403677324544093noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5521549565899914053.post-44182503345086945922020-02-03T21:07:00.001-08:002020-02-03T21:07:03.546-08:00Newspaper should not be produced in U.S Research PaperNewspaper should not be produced in U.S - Research Paper Example introduction of internet and television have greatly affected business of newspaper. People can easily find information in relation to a business proposal or advertising by browsing through internet. In this situation why one will prefer to buy newspaper. Therefore, newspaper profits are declining very rapidly. Present condition of economy proposes that newspaper should not be produced mainly in US because many audit reports have shown negative financial condition of the industry and its popularity is fading day by day. Therefore, it will be suitable to stop producing newspaper and promoting this phenomena more on the basis of internet or other electronic devices (Abbott Jez, 2010). 1.2 Reasons There are many reasons which support this idea that newspaper should not be produced in US. Some of which are described below: Affect of internet and television By 1990s till present news are made available 24 hours on television channels. Introduction of internet have opened new challenges fo r the business world. News is updated on daily basis through internet. These two mediums have reduced the usage of newspaper in many parts of the world including US. Payment circulation of newspaper has been declined as compared to the revenue collected through advertisement on internet. There has been a major shift from print media to new media. This has lead to decline in the profits of newspaper. Most of its revenue goes to electronic media (Plambeck Joseph, 2010). Global warming Reading newspaper has less affect on global warming as compared to reading news online. Creating newspaper is more overweight as compared to powering computers. If one is reading newspaper for 30 minutes, it will have less impact on global warming as compared to reading news online. Newspaper circulation falls Newspapers in US are continuously at stark, its circulation is declining very rapidly, and as compared to last year, circulation of newspaper has reduced more by 9%. In accordance to Audit Bureau o f Circulation sales of newspaper in US have dropped by 6.5% in the last six months in 2010 and weekly sales have been reduced by 8.7%. These results were generated by combining all the individual newspapers in US. Newspaper circulation was in decline since many years, but majorly it was affected by recession after 2008. The main reason for this decline is internet. Many publishers have also limited their services in relation to the delivery. In past, publishers only had to cope up with cost incurred in printing, but considering the present scenario they have to manage losses related to circulation (Liedtke Michael, 2009). Some of the details in relation to the fall of circulation are: New York Times circulation dropped to 5.2% in last year and 8.2% on weekday basis. While Los Angeles Times declined by 7.6% and 9% on weekly basis. Changes in individuals behavior People taste and preferences keeps on changing. Presently, individuals are adopting technological innovations very rapidly. Even businesses are operating through electronic media rather than considering the traditional ways. In all developed countries mainly in US people are getting addicted to internet and mobile phones. They prefer to buy online rather than visiting shopping malls. Similar to that, news on daily basis is generated either through cell phone or computer devices. In this modern world every house have internet facility, if one have facility to see the news at home, why will they prefer to pattyshaw143http://www.blogger.com/profile/10488403677324544093noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5521549565899914053.post-75959087626373243762020-01-26T17:31:00.001-08:002020-01-26T17:31:05.749-08:00Impact of Cyanobacteria ToxinsImpact of Cyanobacteria Toxins Introduction Cyanobacteria, or also known as blue-green algae is one of the bacteria phylum. It was classified as blue-green algae because it resembles eukaryotic green algae. Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes which have the ability to synthesize chlorophyll a. Chlorophyll a primarily absorbs most red and blue light, which allow cyanobacteria to obtain energy. This energy was then used to synthesize carbohydrate from carbon dioxide and water. Water is used as electron donor during the photosynthesis process and produces oxygen as a byproduct. Thus, the ability of cyanobacteria underwent the process of photosynthesis leading to the evolution of oxygen as they play an important role in increasing the amount of oxygen in Earth. Besides, cyanobacteria also called blue-green algae because of its ability to form the phycobilin pigment (phycocyanin). Phycocyanin is an accessory pigment where it works in conjunction with chlorophyll a. Phycocyanin pigment is the one that give bluish colour to cyanobacteria. According to Dittmann and Wiegand (2006), the lyses of a cyanobacterial bloom leads to release of high amounts of blue pigmented. However, the colour can degrade under condition of high exposure to light and heat (Jespersen et al., 2005). Because cyanobacteria are prokaryote, it is usually small and unicellular. Usually individual cyanobacteria are round, oval, globular or string-like in shape. However, cyanobacteria often growth in colonies and, thus are large and easily to view. These colonies are built of many layers and can form filaments, sheets or even hallow ball depend on its species and environmental condition. Cyanobacteria have been classified into five groups based on their morphologies. There are chrooccales (I), pleurocapsales (II), oscillatoriales (III), nostacales (IV) and stigonematales (V). Group l is unicellular cyanobacteria that divide by binary fusion or budding, while group II is unicellular form that divide by multiple fission. Then, group III is filamentous colonies that reproduce by trichome breakage (Henson, 2002). However, only groups IV and V are supported by phylogenetic studies and make up the heterocystous cyanobacteria. They have the ability to fix Nitrogen such as genera of Anabaena, Nostoc, and etc. Cyanobacteria are extremely successful organism that can adapt in any condition depend on its species. The fossil record shows their existence since 3.5 billion years ago and it are still around. According to Hitzfeld et al. (2000), the cyanobacteria inhabitants vary from hot springs to temporary frozen ponds in Antarctica. Cyanobacteria are gram negative that has cell wall made up of peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide layers that surrounded by gelatinous and mucilaginous sheath. The presence of the gelatinous sheath may help in survival of cyanobacteria during extreme conditions and desiccation (Duy et al., 2000). Cyanobacteria mostly found in brackish, freshwater, rivers, lakes, ponds and some reservoirs. They commonly live in such condition to get access of water and sunlight, as they do the photosynthesis process. The high accumulation of cyanobacteria is due to nutrient enrichment (eutrophication). The eutrophication is the process of water bodies gets the excess of nutrient a nd this promotes extremely growth of cyanobacteria. This nutrient may come from many sources, such as fertilizers applied to agriculture, erosion of soil containing nutrients and etc. The excess of nutrient lead to massive population of cyanobacteria, include the blooms, scums, and mats and biofilms (Codd et al., 2005). The existence of cyanobacteria bloom can reduce dissolved oxygen in water and may cause other aquatic organisms died. Alperdoorn et al. (2007) suggest that complex interaction of high concentration of nutrients, sunlight, warm temperature, turbidity, pH, conductivity, salinity, carbon availability and slow-flowing stagnant water are involved in production of blooms. Besides, the bloom of cyanobacteria is related with toxins released. Purpose of study The purpose of study is to analyze the type of toxins produced by bloom of cyanobacterial. Growth of cyanobacteria bloom is favored by nutrient enrichment. The increase of mass population of cyanobacteria will lead to high amount of toxin produced. Then, relate how these toxins act in order to affect humans and animals health. Objectives of study Production and mode of action of cyanobacteria Occurrence of cyanobacterial toxins in affects humans and animals -example case Routes of exposure Diseases in Humans and Animals Conclusion further work Production and mode of action of cyanobacteria toxins Properties of cyanobacterial toxins There are around 150 genera with about 2000 species of cyanobacteria has been recognized, as according to the current taxonomy. However, out of them, only 40 genera have been identified to produce toxins (Hitzfeld et al., 2000). The toxins produced by bloom of cyanobacteria are sometimes called cyanotoxins. The genera that release toxins from cyanobacteria bloom are include Microcystis, Anabaena, Anabaenopsis, Plankthothrix, Aphanizomenon, Cylindrospermopsis, Raphidiopsis and Nodularia (Codd et al., 2005). Cyanotoxins are classified into two grouped, where one is based on their modes of toxin affect the animals cells or cell system, and the other one is based on their chemical composition and structure (Codd et al.,1999). The first grouped are divided into four types, which are hepatotoxins, neurotoxins, cytotoxin and irritant toxins (Codd et al., 2005). However, the second grouped is classify into three different chemical structure which are cyclic peptides, alkaloids and lipopolysa ccharides (LPS) (Sivonen Jones 1999). The production of cyanotoxin are highly variable depends on time and an individual bloom itself. Besides, the arrangement of the genes and their expression under certain environmental condition also contribute in released the toxins. Hepatotoxins-cyclic peptides Hepatotoxins class has the chemical structure of cyclic peptides. These kinds of toxins are released by bloom of cyanobacteria that ranging from freshwater to oceans. Among the common hepatotoxins produced are mycrocystins and nodularins. Microcystin is first found in the early 1980 and isolated from Microcystis aeruginosa. Thus, the toxins were named as microcystin (Sivonen Jones 1999). Then, it was identified that microcystins also have been produced from the genera of Anabaena, Microcystis, Planktothrix, Nostoc and Anabaenopsis (Hitzfeld et al., 2000). Differ from microcystins, where nodularins only produced by the genera of Nodularia and were names as nodularins after its producer, Nodularia spumigena (Falconer 1998). Both are widespread cyanotoxins because the presence of gas vesicle that provides buoyancy. Gas vesicles enable them to float up or sink in order to get sunlight and reach the site of nutrient-rich layers (Dittmann Wiegand 2006). Enough of nutrient and sunlight en able the cyanobacteria to undergo the photosynthesis process and lead to excess growth. Therefore, the cyanotoxins of microcystins and nodularins could be produce enormously and can disturb the ecosystems Microcystins are difference from nodularins based on their chemical structure of cyclic peptides. The chemical structures of microcystins have been identified as cyclic heptapeptides, while nodularins has chemical structure of cyclic pentapeptides (Codd et al., 1999). Cyclic heptapeptides refer to microcystins that contain seven peptide-linked amino acids. There are five common amino acids and another two L-amino acids are varied (Park et al., 1993). The five common amino acids are D-erythro-à ²-methylaspartic acid, D-alanine, N-methyldehydroalanine, D-glutamate and Adda-3-amino-9-methoxy-2, 6, 8-trimethyl- 10-phenyldeca-4, 6-dienoic acid. The variable L amino acids are located at position 2 and 4. The variable of L amino acids increased the variations in microcsytins structure and so far there are about 70 structural variables have been identified (Codd et al., 2005). Besides that, demethylation of D-erythro-à ²-methylaspartic acid and N-methyldehydroalanine amino acids also give variation in microcystin structure. In contrast, only about 6 variant of nodularins structure have been recognized (Codd et al. 1999). Both microcystins and nodularins only release from cyanobacteria bloom once it was lyses. These toxins are potent inhibitors of eukaryotic protein phosphotases activity (Park et al., 1993). According to Codd et al, (2005), this inhibition can change the membrane integrity and causing tumor production and liver damage. Liver is the main targeting organ in this action of toxins. Neurotoxin-alkaloids Neurotoxins contain the chemical structure of alkaloids. Alkaloids are chemical compound that contains any basic nitrogen atoms and produced by cyanobacteria. It cause toxic that act on nerve cell (neuron). So far, three known families of neurotoxins are anatoxin-a, anatoxin-a(S) and saxitoxins. Anatoxin-a acts by mimic acetylcholine, while anatoxin-a(S) inhibit acetylcholinesterase. Next, saxitoxins which relatively associated with paralytic shellfish poisons (PSP) are works by block the sodium channels. These toxins have been reported found mostly in area of North America, Europe and Australia (Sivonen Jones 1999). Devlin et al. (1977), identified anatoxins-a as a secondary amine 2-acetyl-9-azabicyclo (4-2-1)non-2-ene. Anatoxin-a is usually released by Anabaena flos-aquae, Anabaena spp, Anabaena planktonica, Oscillatoria, Aphanizomenon and Cylindrospermum (Sivonen and Jones, 1999). This toxins cause symptoms such as fasciculation, gasping and convulsion, when infection occurred in animals (Mazur et al., 2003). In contrast, Anatoxin-a(S) is guanidine methyl phosphate ester and produced by Anabaena flos-aquae and Anabaena lemmermannii (Codd et al., 2005). However, its structure still h as not been recognized. Sanitoxins are group of carbonate alkaloids and about 20 of structural variations has been recognized (Codd et al., 2005). Sanitoxins are produced by species of Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Cylindrospermopsis, Lyngbya, Planktothrix and Trichodesmium (Carmichael et al., 2001) Cytotoxin-alkaloids Cylindrospermopsin is the example of cytotoxin released and has been found in tropical and subtropical water such as in lakes, rivers and water supply reservoir (Falconer 1998). According to Hitzfeld et al (2000) and Codd et al (1999), cylindrospermopsin could also be categorized as hepatotoxins because it affects liver damage. However, Codd et al (2005) and Falconer (1998) have categorized it under cytotoxin class because its action as an inhibitor of protein synthesis. This inhibition cause damage to tissue that rapidly synthesize protein such as pituitary gland, epithelia including gut lining, the pancreas, lymphoid tissue and the prostate gland, as well as the kidneys and liver (Falconer 1998). This toxin is also genotoxic, which can cause loss of chromosome and break of DNA strand (Humpage et al 2000). Cylindrospermopsin is a cyclic guanidine alkaloid and has been isolated mainly from cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and also from Aphanizomenon ovalisporum, Umezakia natans, Aphani zomenon flosaquae and Raphidiopsis curvata (Falconer and Humpage, 2006). Irritant toxins Irritant toxins are usually related with skin irritant (dermatoxin). Aplysiatoxin and lyngbyatoxin is alkaloid structure and both are the most toxins that cause skin irritation. Aplysiatoxin is produced by genera of Lyngbya, Oscillatoria and Schizothrix whereas Lyngbyatoxin is produced by Lyngbya (Codd et al 1999). Aplysiatoxin also is potent tumour promoters and Lyngbyatoxin also caused severe oral and gastrointestinal inflammation (Sivonen and Jones, 1999). LPS endotoxin released by cyanobacteria is less potent than released by bacteria, such as Salmonella (Codd et al 1999). LPS is localized at outer membrane wall of cyanobacteria and contain lipid A that responsible for much of toxicity of cyanobacteria. LPS endotoxin in cyanobacteria is produced by Microcystis, Oscillatoria and Anabaena (Codd et al 1999). The signs and symptoms of this toxin are fever, rigors, headache, nausea, mild amnesia and diarrhea (Stewart et al., 2006). According to Codd et al (2005), it may contribute to inflammatory and gastrointestinal incidents. Toxin Chemical structure Producer Genera Primary target organ Hepatotoxins Microcystins Cyclic heptapeptides Microcystis, Anabaena, Planktothrix, Nostoc Anabaenopsis Liver Nodularins Cyclic pentaptides Nodularia Liver Neurotoxins Anatoxin-a Alkaloids Anabaena, Oscillatoria and Aphanizomenon, Cylindrospermum Microcystis Nerve synapse Anatoxin-a(s) Alkaloids Anabaena Nerve synapse Saxitoxins Alkaloids Aphanizomenon, Anabaena, Lyngbya Cylindrospermopsis Nerve axon Cytotoxins Cylindrospermosin Cyclic guanidine alkaloids Cylindrospermopsis, Aphanizomenon, Umezakia Rhapidiopsis Tissue damage include liver and kidney Irritant toxins Lyngbyatoxin Alkaloids Lyngbya Skin, GI tract Aplysiatoxin Alkaloids Lyngbya, Oscillatoria Schizothrix Skin Endotoxins LPS Microcystis, Oscillatoria Anabaena Potential irritant affect any exposed tissues Table 1: Updated from Codd et al. (1999) and Sivonen Jones (1999). This shows the summaries of general features of cyanotoxins. Occurrence of cyanobacterial toxins The cases of cyanotoxins affect humans and animals have been reported occurred throughout the world. This include part of Europe (such as Belgium, France, Germany, UK, etc), America (at least 27 states), Middle East and Asia (such as Bangladesh, Saudi Arabia, Thailand), Australasia (such as Australia, New Zealand), Africa (Botswana, Morocco) and also Marine Atlantic Ocean (Baltic Sea, Caribbean sea) and Antarctica (McMurdo Ice Shelf) (Codd et al., 2005). From the case reported, cyanatoxins affect animals, include wild and domestic mammals, birds, amphibians and fish, while human cases ranging from acute to chronic (Hitzfeld et al., 2000). The first case of cyanotoxins occurred in animals was the death of cattle, sheep, dogs, horses and pigs. This took placed in Lake Alexandrina, Australia in 1878. The death of these animals was due to drink the water that contains a scum of Nodularia spumigena (Francis, 1878) . After this case, numerous cases have been reported and most commonly involved death of farm animals after drinking the contaminated water with cyanobacterial bloom (Hitzfeld et al., 2000). For example, in 1991 the death of sheep has been recorded in Darling River, Australia. This death occurred after drinking from a farm dam contaminated with saxitoxins, released by Anabaena circinalis (Goodman et al., 1999). Besides, the cases of dog deaths after swimming in, or eating, cyanobacteria also occurred. In 1992, death of dogs at Loch Insh, Scotland happened after swimming was due to release of Anatoxin-a by Oscillatoria sp. into the water (Edwards et al., 1992). Among the earliest reported cases involving acute effect in humans was a series of town along the Ohio River, US in 1931. It start when the water of a side branch of the river develop a cyanobacteria bloom because of low rainfall. This water was then washed into the main river and caused a series of gastroenteritis once it moves downstream (Tisdale 1931). However, the toxins caused this outbreak is unknown and the organism that released this toxins was unspecified. Then, another case involving the same diseased, (gastroenteritis) was reported in Harare, Zimbabwe in 1966. This time Microcystis aeruginosa was the one that has been identified responsible in this case, but the toxins released was still not known (Hitzfeld et al., 2000). Children living in this area developed gastroenteritis each year as they use the water reservoir which contains a natural bloom of Microcystis (Zilberg 1966). The case of chronic effects in humans may be present due to short exposure to toxins (Goodman et al., 1999). The incidence in China, 1995 due to microcystins have lead to chronic of liver injury, hepatocellular carcinoma. This is primary cancer of the liver and most are secondary to hepatitis B infection. From the case analyzed, cyanobacteria are abundant in surface waters of south east China, where the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma is highest. Thus, it has been concluded that microcystins in the drinking water are responsible for the increased of liver cancer (Falconer 1998). Compare to all cyanotoxins, cyclic peptides (mostly microcystins) has high risk because of their potential to develop diseases in long term time, even when exposed to low concentration of cyanotoxins. This was confirmed after examined all the cases reported, where the major injury is hepatotoxicosis, cause liver damage. In contrast, neurotoxin mostly shows acute effect in mammals (Goddman et al., 1999). Routes of exposure There are many ways where humans and animals can be exposed to cyanotoxins. From the cases reported, animals usually infected by cyanotoxins orally via drinking contaminated water. For instance, the case reported of cattle deaths in Alpine Lakes, Switzerland (1974-1994). The cattle died because of liver damage after drinking the water which contains bloom of cyanobacteria (Hitzfeld et al., 2000). Besides, human can get infection of cyanotoxins during the recreational activity involving direct contact with water such as swimming, canoeing and paddling (Apeldoorn et al., 2007). In 1989, UK, some of army recruits showed symptoms of infected by cyanotoxins after swimming and canoes training in water with dense bloom of Mocrocystis. The signs of symptoms were vomiting, diarrhea, blistering of the lips, sore throat and central abdominal pain (Turner et al., 1990). The person that worked in the area of water such as boatmen and environmental scientists are also easily to get infection. Acco rding to Dittmann and Wiegand (2006), the consumption of blue green algae containing food and dietary supplements, such as pills or capsules, also can lead to gain the toxicity of cyanobacteria. According to Codd et al (1999), there are four routes of exposure where human can get infection of cyanotoxins (Table 2). The first one is via oral routes, taken by ingestion during recreational activity, drinking water, food and dietary supplements that contain dried cyanotoxins. The oral route has caused the outbreak of many diseased, such as gastroenteritis and hepatoenteritis after drinking water (Codd et al 1999). Infection by pulmonary route occurs either by inhalation of cyanobacteria bloom during recreational activity or work practices in industrial spray water (Codd et al., 1999). Next, dermal route is associated with skin or mucosal contact the contaminated water. This can lead to skin irritation and allergic reaction. Lastly, haemodialysis route can occurred via water used in haemodialysis treatment. Among the cases of this route, is the case of major fatal incident at haemodialysis clinic in Caruaru, Brazil. This case happened in 1996, where the patients with dialysis tre atment were treated with water from local reservoir. All patients experienced symptoms of nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness and painful hepatomegaly. Then, these patients developed acute liver failure and acute neurotoxicity signs. From all the treated patients, 60 have been recorded as dead. Microcystins released by Aphanizomenon and Oscillatoria have been recognized as the toxins that responsible for this death (Codd et al., 1999). Exposure route Exposure medium Oral (ingestion) drinking water, recreational water, food (shellfish, finfish if toxin if toxin accumulation has occurred during production), dietary supplements (pills, capsules) if contains dried cyanobacterial cells with toxins. Pulmonary (inhalation, aspiration) water: aerosols, spray during recreation, work, showering Dermal water during recreation, work, showering (skin, mucosal contact) Haemodialysis water used for haemodialysis Table 2: Taken from Codd et al., 2005. This figure summaries the human exposure route and exposure medium for cyanotoxins. Diseases in Animals and Humans Hepatoenteritis Liver damage Hepatoenteritis is described as hepatitis-like illness, where associated with liver problem. This diseased can infect both human and animals. The outbreak of hepatoenteritis disease was reported in 1979 and occurred in Palm Island of the Queensland, Australia. Thus, this case also name as ââ¬Å"Palm Island Mystery Diseaseâ⬠because the water drinking is supply from Palm Island reservoir (Ohtani et al., 1992). Investigation have shown that the reservoir contain the bloom of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. This species released cylindrospermopsin and responsible for developed of severe hepatoenteritis among the 140 children and 10 adults. The common symptoms of this disease are malaise, anorexia, vomiting, painful liver enlargement, dehydration and bloody diarrhea. This toxin is very water soluble and infect into body by oral route via drinking water. According to Falconer and Humpage (2006), the mechanism of action for cylindrospermopsin is relatively slow. It work by inhibit pr otein synthesis at ribosome during the peptide chain elongation step. Besides, the toxins also released CYP450 oxidation that work to inhibit the glutathione synthesis. Both inhibitions caused major changes in liver, particularly hepatocytes. First, accumulation of ribosomes in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes and followed by membrane proliferation. Next, the accumulation of lipid in the central portion of hepatic lobules and all this lead to severe liver necrosis (Duy et al., 2000). Kidney, lung, heart, spleen and thymus also might be affects. The toxins of microcystins are majorly involved in liver damage. Most of microcystins types are hydrophilic and thus, not able to penetrate vertebrate cell membrane. It only can uptake into cell membrane via transporter. Once the microcystins are uptake by mammals, it is transport into the blood from the ileum via bile acid type transporter, that present in hepatocytes (Apeldoorn et al 2007). As a result, the present of microcystins is higher in liver due to active uptake by hepatocytes. Once inside the hepatocytes, microcystins act as potent inhibitor of eukaryotic protein phosphatases 1 and 2A. These inhibitions cause changes in cytoskeletal proteins, and thus results in deformation of hepatocytes. The liver may undergo changes in term of a disruption of hepatocytes structure due to damage of cytoskeleton, loss of sinusoidal structure, increased in liver weight because of intrahepatic haemorrhage, heart failure and death. Gastroenteritis Gastroenteritis is inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, where involved stomach and intestine. This diseased can be cause by infection from cyanobacteria bloom of Microcystis sp and Anabaena sp. Acording to Hitzfeld et al (2000), the cases of gastroenteritis that have been recorded due to cyanobacteria bloom were occured in Ohio River, US (1931), Harare, Zimbabwe (1966) and Itaparica Dam, Brazil (1993). However, the toxins that responsible for this diseased still remain unknown because lack of available toxin analysis method and knowledge of candidate toxins at the time (Codd et al., 1999). Recently, there is case where LPS endotoxin is responsible for gastroenteritis incidents (Codd et al., 2005). Gastroenteritis is categorized under acute effect and mostly results in diarrhea. Besides, the symptoms shows are nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, fever, headaches and abnormal pain. Respiratory problem Neurotoxins effects can lead to progressive paralysis and death because of respiratory failure. The case of livestock death in Europe and the US have been reported due to anatoxin-a, released from the genera of Oscillatoria, Aphanizomenon and Anabaena (Falconer, 1998). Anatoxin-a acts as a potent postsynaptic depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent, where it binds to neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors of neuromuscular junction (Goodman et al., 1999) .This cause postsynaptic sodium channel of neuron is remain open and lead to continuous stimulation of sodium ion influx and continuously generates action potential. Consequently, the muscle contraction is over react and might be followed by fatigue and respiratory failure (Dittmann and Wiegand, 2006). This toxin can cause rapidly death depending on the species and amount of toxin ingested. The clinical sign of this infection are muscle fasciculation, decreased movement, abdominal breathing, cyanosis, and death by respiratory fa ilure. Saxitoxins are another type of neurotoxins that can infect both human and animals. As mention before, the case of Darling River in Australia (1990-1991) involved the deaths of sheep and cattle due to saxitoxins. Then, in human, saxitoxins have been the cause of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). Saxitoxins acts as a blocking agent of sodium channel in nerve axons. In mammals, this induces muscle paralyzed (respiratory muscle) and can follow by death due to respiratory failure (Apeldoorn et al., 2007). Skin irritation and allergic Lyngbya majuscula is one of the cyanobacteria that released aplysiatoxin and lyngbyatoxin. These toxins act as potent skin tumour promoters. Both toxins, especially aplysiatoxin, cause skin irritation after contact with bloom of Lyngbya majuscula. Swimmers of Hawaii and Okinawa got acute dermatitis (causing itch), erythematous wheals and desquamation after contact with Lyngbya majuscule (Codd et al., 1999). Besides, symptoms have included rashes, blisters, allergic reaction, asthma, conjunctivitis, and eye irritation. Conclusion The development of cyanobacterial bloom tends to be favored by nutrient enrichment (eutrophication). Therefore, enough nutrients will provide extremely growth of cyanobacteria bloom and thus, lead to high production of cyanotoxins once it is lyses. The most clearly study of toxins is microcystins due to widespread of its production among the cyanobacteria blooms. Besides, their existences that usually can be found in lakes, rivers and water supply reservoirs also lead to increased the chance to affect humans and animals health compare to the other toxins. As mention above, there are four routes where infection of cyanotoxins could occurs, which are by oral route, dermal route, pulmonary route and lastly via haemodialysis route. Once the toxins get inside humans and animals, they will start reacts and disturb the system inside the body according to its modes of actions. Therefore, it leads to outbreak of many diseased such as hepatoenteritis, gastroenteritis, respiratory problem and s kin irritation and allergic. However, till now there are some mechanism of toxins that still not understood, such as lyngbyatoxins (Goodman et al., 1999).Then, further work also need to be done in order to solve the cases of unknown toxic affect humans and animals that have been recorded. For example, the case of the outbreak of gastroenteritis diseased occurred in Ohio River, US (1931), Harare, Zimbabwe (1966) and Itaparica, Dam, Brazil (1993), where no actual toxins have been identified (Hitzfeld et al., 2000). All the features of cyanobacterial cell include their type of the toxins released and their mode of action is needed to understand clearly, in order to monitor and control their growth from continuously affect humans and animals. Thus, guidelines and regulatory standard could be developed to increased awareness of actual and potential of cyanotoxins. References APELDOORN, M. E., EGMOND, H. P., SPEIJERS, G. J. A. BAKKER, G. J. I. 2007. Toxins of cyanobacteria. Mol. Nutr. Food Res, 51, 7-60. CARMICHAEL, W. W., AZEVEDO, S., AN, J. I., MOLICA, R., J.R, JOCHIMSEN, E. M., LAU, S., RINEHART, K. L., SHAW, G. R. EAGLESHAM, G. K. 2001. Human Fatalities from Cyanobacteria: Chemical and Biological Evidence for Cyanotoxins. Environ Health Perspect, 109, 663-668. CODD, G. A., BELL, S. G., KAYA, K., WARD, C. J., BEATTIE, K. A. METCALF, J. S. 1999. Cyanobacterial toxins, exposure routes and human health. European Journal of Phycology, 34, 405-415. CODD, G. A., MORRISON, L. F. J.S, M. 2005. Cyanobacterial toxins: risk management for health protection. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 203, 264-272. DEVLIN, J.P., EDWARDS, O.E., GORHAM. P.R., HUNTER. M.R., PIKE, R.K. STAVRIC, B. 1977.à Anatoxin-a, a toxic alkaloid from Anabaena flos-aquae NCR-44h. J. of Chem, 55, 1367-1371. DITTMANN, E. WIEGAND, C. 2006. Cyanobacterial toxins occurrence, biosynthesis, and impact on human affairs. Molecular Nutrition Food Resources, 50, 7-17. DUY, T.N., LAM, P.K.S., SHAW, G.R CONNELL, D.W. 2000. Toxicology and risk assessment of freshwaterà cyanobacterial (Blue green algae) toxins in water. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol, 163, 113-186. EDWARDS, C., BEATTIE, K., SCRIMGOUR, C. Codd, G. 1992. Identification of anatoxin-a in benthicà cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and in associated dog poisonings at Loch lnsh, Scotland.à Toxicon, 30, 1165-1175. FALCONER, I. R. 1998. An Overview of Problems Caused by Toxic Blue-Green Algae (Cyanobacteria) in Drinking and Recreational Water. John Wiley Sons, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 14, 5-12. FALCONER, I. R. HUMPAGE, A. R. 2006. Cyanobacterial (Blue-Green Algal) Toxins in Water Supplies: Cylindrospermopsins. Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 21, 299-304. FRANCIS, G. 1878. Poisonous Australian Lake. Nature, 18, 11-12. GOODMAN, T., FALCONER, I. FITZGERALD, J. 1999. Human Health Aspects. In: BARTRAM, I. C. A. J. (ed.) Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water: A guide to their public health consequences,monitoring and management. World Health Organization. HENSON, B. J., WATSON, L.E., BARNUM, S.R. 2002. Molecular Differentiation of the Heterocystous Cyanobacteria, Nostoc and Anabaena, Based on Complete NifD Sequences. Current Microbiology, 45, 161-164. HITZFELD, B. C., HOGER, S. J. DIETRICH, D. R. 2000. Cyanobacterial Toxins: Removal during Drinking Water Treatment, and Human Risk Assessment. Environmental Health Perspect pattyshaw143http://www.blogger.com/profile/10488403677324544093noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5521549565899914053.post-17022763010681439642020-01-18T13:55:00.001-08:002020-01-18T13:55:04.566-08:00Vivid AtmosphereVivid Atmosphere: Tennis Slowly, I kneel down to tie my shoe for the fourth time this match. The sweat creeps down my face as if mocking me in saying that I should have taken the cardio sessions more seriously. At this point I was doing everything I could just to keep my body from collapsing to the ground. The feel of the sun beating down makes me wonder if it is purposely driving all of its energy to sap mine. Glancing up across the court I see my water bottle filled with mountain dew.At that very moment the sugary, citrusy scent flows through my nose increasing my thirst even more. I could care less if everyone knows that my shoe really wasnââ¬â¢t untied, and they did. This was too much, the constant sprinting back and forth while trying to place the ball in that perfect spot. Why would anyone participate in something like this willingly? Somehow I always pick the best hobbies. Itââ¬â¢s been about a minute now and my hand tightens around the sticky tape of my racket as I use every ounce of energy I have left to stand to my feet.Standing there my weight now shifts back and forth between my tired and blistered feet. She serves. My fast reflexes allow me to throw my racket to where the ball is going and my jaw tenses as I brace myself for impact. The vibrations tingle up my arm as I strategically swing through the ball at the perfect speed and angle. Well, almost perfect. The disappointment of another return into the net. A smirk on my opponentââ¬â¢s face shows her attempt at hiding the satisfaction she has in winningâ⬠¦. again. pattyshaw143http://www.blogger.com/profile/10488403677324544093noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5521549565899914053.post-83097384743728951372020-01-10T10:19:00.001-08:002020-01-10T10:19:05.968-08:00SlidesBecause they contain N functions, the dyes were screened in vitro for antibacterial activity; of over 0,000 tested dyes none showed any antibiotic activity However, In vivo studies with mice, that had been infected with a bacterial culture, showed that several dyes counteracted gram-positive bacterial Intections. HDR. F. 2013 Prontosll Gerhard Domagk (Nobel Prize, 1939) was a research scientist at l. c. Farbenlndustrle,a German manufacturer of dyes and other chemicals. He carried out studies that showed Prontosil to be an effective antibacterial agent.When Domagk's daughter developed a streptococcal Infection (having cut her finger), and was in danger of having an arm amputated (or worse), she was the first patient to receive rontosil and be cured by it (1935). Prontosil received wider tame when it was used to save the lite ot Franklin D. Roosevelt, Jr. , son of the US president. HDR-F-2013 infected with a bacterial culture. Several dyes were found to counteract gram-positive bacteri al infections. NH2 o s Prontosil Later it was discovered that, in living organisms, Prontosil is converted to sulfanilamide, and that sulfanilamide was the actual active compound.Sulfanilamide inhibits the synthesis of folic acid, which is an essential chemical compound for bacterial growth. Penicillin bacterial infections in 1941. By 1943, penicillin was being produced for the military and was first used for war casualties in Sicily and Tunsia. CH3 Penicillins act by modifying an enzyme involved in the synthesis ofa a bacterium's cell wall. the synthesis of bacterium's cell wall. Actively growing bacteria die because they areare Actively growing bacteria die because they unable to produce a a functional cell wall. unable to produce functional cell wall.Penicillins have no effect on mammalian cells because they are not enclosed by cell walls. The first penicillin was isolated in in 1938 and The first penicillin was isolated 1938 and ound to cure bacterial infections in in mice. was found to cure bacterial infections mice. It It was used successfully in nine cases ofof human used successfully in nine cases human Hormones Hormones are chemical messengers ââ¬â organic compounds synthesized in glands and delivered by the bloodstream to target tissues in order to stimulate or inhibit some biochemical process. Many hormones are steroids.Remember: All steroids contain a tetracyclic ring system. The most abundant member of the steroid family in anlmals (ana numans) Is cnolestero of all other steroids. Steroids c t Is tne precursor Steroids are organic compounds that contain four cycloalkane rings, three cyclohexane rings and one cyclopentane ring; they are Joined (fused) in a specific way. The steroid core has 20 C atoms, 17 form the four rings, plus three methyl groups. sack to HORMONES Sex The sex hormones are divided into three groups: (1) the male sex hormones, or androgens; (2) the female sex hormones, or estrogens; (3) the pregnancy hormones, or progestins.A ll sex hormones are steroids. ster010s perTorm many Tunctlons n Function Regulation of secondary sexual characteristics Reproduction and control of the reproductive cycle Regulation of metabolism Examples Estradiol (an estrogen); testosterone (an androgen) Progesterone and the gestagens Digestion of fat Cell membrane component Cholic acid; bile salts Cholesterol Cortisol; cortisone derivatives This is the basic carbon skeleton for all steroids. 10. 7 Testosterone, the principal male sex hormone, is responsible for male secondary sex characteristics.Synthetic testosterone analogs (anabolic steroids) are used in medicine to promote muscle and tissue growth, e. g. , patients with muscular atrophy. Anabolic steroids are used illegally, most commonly by ââ¬Å"body buildersâ⬠and athletes. The health risks are numerous, including liver cancer, coronary neart Olsease, ana s er Estradiol is the principal female sex hormone. It is responsible for the development of the female secondary sex characteristics and participates in the control of the menstrual cycle.Progesterone is an example of a progestin: it prepares the uterus for the implantation of a fertilized egg. Synthetic analogs of progesterone and estradiol are the active agents in the birth control pill, allowing for control of the menstrual cycle and ovulation. An estimated 50 to 60 million women worldwide use ââ¬Å"the pillâ⬠as the primary form of ontraception. Drug Use RU-486, The Abortion Pill RI-J-486 acts as an antagonist ââ¬â a drug that fits into a receptor site, but does not have the customary effect as does another drug; in this case the other drug is progesterone.Cortisone Cortisone, used extensively in the treatment of rheumatoid inflammations, is one of the adrenocortical hormones produced in the outer part of the adrenal gland. These hormones participate in regulating the electrolyte and water balance in the body, as well as in protein and carbohydrate metabolism. Ethics of Methotre xate is a prescription drug used in the reatment of breast cancer. It can be used to block the action of folic acid, which is required for normal cell Olvlslon ana growtn 0T an emoryo.LIKe RI-J-486, it can be used to induce abortion in the weeks of pregnancy. Once a drug is approved by the FDA, a physician can prescribe it for purposes not originally intended by the drug manufacturer. Medicines Prescription, Generic, and the pioneer drug, but cannot Prescription, is chemically equivalent to Over-the-counter be A generic drug Generic, and Over-the-counter marketed until the patent protection on the pioneer drug has run out after 20 ears.A generic drug is chemically equivalent to the pioneer drug, but cannot be A generic drug is chemically equivalent to the pioneer drug, but cannot be marketed until the patent protection on the pioneer drug has run The lower priced drug protection on the pioneer its generic name,out after 20 marketed until the patent commonly marketed under drug has r un out in this20 after case alprazolam instead of Xanax. The lower priced drug commonly marketed under its generic name, in this The lower priced druginstead of Xanax. case alprazolam commonly marketed under its generic name, in thisPrescription, Generic, and Over-the-counter A generic drug is chemically equivalent to the pioneer drug, but cannot be marketed until the patent protection on the pioneer drug has run out after 20 years. 10. 10 The lower priced drug commonly marketed under its generic name, in this case alprazolam instead of Xanax. 10. 1 Heroal Remeales 10. 11 Ephedra Ephedra ââ¬â used safely for thousands of years as herbal remedy known as Ma Huang. In 2003, several deaths related to the ingredients led the FDA (in 2004) to ban ephedra products. At this time, there are ongoing discussions to make the product available again.The herb contains the amphetamine-like alkaloids ââ¬â ephedrine and the less active pseudoephedrine. Pseudoephedrene is used as a decongesta nt Ephedrine is a bronchodilator (opens the airways), and a stimulant Drugs of Abuse Ephreda was responsible for the deaths of over 80 people. An ephreda manufacturer challenged the FDA ban in court, claiming that the FDA had failed to prove that ephreda was not safe at low doses. In 2006, the US Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit upheld the FDA's ban on ephreda. Heroin Morphin diacetylmorphin, alkaloid in opium ââ¬Å"chemically modifiedâ⬠high the ââ¬Å"abusedâ⬠natural drugTetrahydrocannabinol ââ¬â Marijuana A9-tetrahydrocannabinol is the principal psychoactive component of the cannabis plant (marijuana), the most commonly abused illicit drug in the US; effects include euphoria and anxiety. Medical uses are being discussed; legal in some states; the Federal Government is opposed. One way to look at drugs is to classify them by their medical usefulness and their potential of abuse. Drugs of abuse can also be classified by their tendency to lead to physical depen dence (addiction) vs. the physical harm they inflict on the user. Many addictive drugs are also highly detrimental to uman health.OxyconBn OxyContin contains oxycodone Oxycodone has been used safely for many years. But this formulation includes a time-released mechanism for long-lasting treatment of chronic pain. Drug abusers quickly determined how to get around the time-release and were able to rapidly ingest large amounts of oxycodone. The effects were said to be similar to heroin. Over-prescribed in the Appalachian areas in late 1990s and early 2000s. Many became addicted. An Amino Acid serotonin Tryptophan is converted to serotonin, an antidepressant, which is converted to melotonin, inducing drowsiness pattyshaw143http://www.blogger.com/profile/10488403677324544093noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5521549565899914053.post-84930449039906475312020-01-02T06:43:00.001-08:002020-01-02T06:43:02.787-08:00Studio Business Plan Essay - 4772 Words The Cage Recording Studio P.O. Box 240092 Montgomery, AL 36124-0092 (334) 260-3739 Fax: (425) 650-5190 Email: cagestudio@yahoo.com www.cagestudio.itgo.com Business Plan Prepared by Eric Gwin Owner and Operator Executive Summary ....................................................................... 2 Purpose of Business....................................................................... 3 Mission Statement:..................................................................................................................................... 3 Our History................................................................................................................................................. 3 Description ofâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Our target market is primarily independent musicians who are not signed by record labels, singer/songwriters who are looking for ways of recording their music, choirs, and other church groups. We will focus on our specialization of vocal and acoustic production and we will also offer other resources for musicians such as equipment rentals, web promotion, and sheet music publishing. As far as our studio business is concerned, we will concentrate on the area around Montgomery, Alabama, where we are located, and we will strive to meet the needs of the above target market, as well as the growing need for recording services among the col lege and artistic community in Montgomery. The owner will provide all financing. He has accumulated a significant sum of money through his previous endeavors in the recording business as a studio engineer and session vocalist. In this business plan, we have tried to include everything anyone might ever want to know about The Cage, as well as the recording industry as a whole. 2 Purpose of Business Mission Statement: Whether you are a musician longing to express your creativity in a recorded work, a business owner looking to advertise with a commercial jingle, or a promoter in need of a sound system for your next event, our mission is to meet your creative needs with quality professional audio productionShow MoreRelatedBusiness Plan for a Multimedia Studio2978 Words à |à 12 Pages BUSINESS PLAN FOR KING STUDIOS 28, Pound Road Magodo 01-XXX6634 1.0 Executive Summary 1 2.0 Company Summary 2 3.0 Services 4 4.0 Market Analysis Summary 4 5.0 Strategy and Implementation Summary 8 6.0 Management Summary 12 7.0 Financial Plan 13 1.0 Executive Summary King Studios, located in Magodo, Lagos will serve small and medium-sized businesses and non-profits for all of their studio photography needs byà creating beautiful shots that serve the clients needs, offeringà excellentRead MoreCareer Research : I Became A Dance Teacher1422 Words à |à 6 Pagesme to teach high school in the day but own my own dance studio. 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Executive summary: The blush hair and beauty studio (salon) is located in Ringwood pattyshaw143http://www.blogger.com/profile/10488403677324544093noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5521549565899914053.post-58435851340748748862019-12-25T03:10:00.001-08:002019-12-25T03:10:02.851-08:00William Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet - 1471 Words Play Study(Romeo and Juliet) Unit 1 Questions Prologue: 1.) The play is set in Verona, in two households. The setting of the play is stated by the prologue; ââ¬Å"Two households, both alike in dignity, In fair Verona(where we lay our scene),â⬠(Prologue,1-2) The play is set in a region called Verona as stated and it also states two households, both alike in dignity so the play is in houses or mainly in houses. Verona is the location of the play in two households because the prologue states it. 2.) The prologue foreshadows events in the play. The prologue foreshadows in this section; ââ¬Å"From forth the fatal loins of these two foes A pair of star-crossââ¬â¢d lovers take their life; Whose misadventurââ¬â¢d piteous overthrows Doth with their death bury their death bury their parentsââ¬â¢ strife.â⬠(Prologue,5-8) That there is love between two individuals which is very significant in the play. The star-crossââ¬â¢d lovers seem to be dead in the end as it states they will be taking their lifes which indicates to suicide. This foreshadow can correlate to the last line which foreshadows the main conflict or parts of the main conflict by the indicated suicide may be the cause of this problem or conflict the play. The events foreshadowed are in the prologue. Act I, Scene I: 3.) The author, Shakespeare introduces with a fight. The fight introduced states in the setting that; ââ¬Å"Fighting breaks out between Capulets and Montagues and the Prince must intervene to stop them.â⬠(Kneen,3) The fight may leadShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1287 Words à |à 6 PagesLizzy Baginski English Composition 2 Mr. Spera March 10, 2015 Romeo and Juliet Research Paper The movie Romeo and Juliet is a modern classic film that took place in 1996. Overall this is a timeless story that everyone should go and watch. This movie has an intriguing plot line that tells the story of two feuding families, The Montagues and The Capulets, and how the children of these two different families fall in love. The two children overcome various obstacles such as hiding their chemistry fromRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet 966 Words à |à 4 Pages Beauty Over Gold ââ¬Å"Beauty provoketh thieves sooner than gold.--William Shakespeare, 1623. In his book As You Like It, William Shakespeare pointed out the supremacy of love rather than the want of gold and wealth. Truly, beauty is more important to thieves than wealth. Many of the thieves in this world would rather have an elegant woman than to obtain precious rubies. After all, what good is a prosperous man if he doesnââ¬â¢t have a charming woman? Two famous men grab my attention who didnââ¬â¢t fear forRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet Essay1024 Words à |à 5 PagesRomeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare early in his career about two young star-crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their feuding families. It was among Shakespeare s most popular plays during his lifetime and, along with Hamlet, is one of his most frequently performed plays. Today, the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers. Romeo and Juliet belongs to a tradition of tragic romances stretching back to antiquity. The plot is based on an ItalianRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1124 Words à |à 5 PagesThe play Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare early in his career about two young star-crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their feuding families. It was among Shakespeare s most popular plays during his lifetime and, along with Hamlet, is one of his most frequently performed plays. Today, the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers. Romeo and Juliet belongs to a tradition of tragic romances stretching back to antiquity. Its plot is based onRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet861 Words à |à 4 Pagesgreatly shown in the play Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare. It was love at first sight with Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet. Meeting at a party and falling in love to get married without even spending quality time with each other. Romeo and Juliet couldn t tell there parents because the Capulets and Montagues are long term rivals. Both Romeo and Juliet had to find different ways and excuses to make this marriage work. A big problem was developed. Romeo kills Juliet s cousin and is banishedRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1770 Words à |à 8 Pagesof Romeo and Juliet. The story of two destined lovers who were killed by their own doing. But what if they weren t two destined lovers who got unlucky, but doomed partners that were never going to have a good-life to begin with.William Sha kespeare gives us a view of early signs of gang conflict in the early age of Verona, Italy. He gives us a perspective of the norms and customs of Italy during the Setting of William Shakespeare s most famous story. Romeo and Juliet, by William Shakespeare, givesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1616 Words à |à 7 Pageslove can also cause some of life s most controversial battles. These battles could stem from lack of patience, disagreement of moral values, and in some cases, an absence of attraction overall. In Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare, the issues that drive Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet s to each of their dreadful misfortunes are inevitable. When it comes to many of Shakespeare s plays, Aristotle s theory is used to describe them as tragedies. Romeo and Juliet is known by many as a tragedyRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1264 Words à |à 6 Pagestheater-going public the most important dramatist in English literature, Shakespeare oc cupies a well-known position in the world of talented authors. His canon contains thirty-seven plays, written in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Additionally, throughout the years, they continue to sustain critical attention, with the majority of his works circling tragedies, one being Romeo and Juliet. William Shakespeare s Romeo and Juliet speaks to the timeless appeal of star-crossed lovers. Their loveRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet924 Words à |à 4 PagesWilliam Shakespeareââ¬â¢s Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy that follows the so-called love of two teenagers. The two fall in love at a masked ball and have a secret marriage. Throughout the play, their actions show how ridiculous love is, and how it is a danger to anyone who become twisted in its choking grasp. However, in the death of the youth and survival of the elders, an alternative explanation for the tragic events may be found. Although Shakespeare seems to be mocking love throughout the play, itRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1279 Words à |à 6 Pagesour lives. The great, classic writers teach timeless, valuable life skills. Shakespeare was the greatest writer of all time. His writings mainly consisted of dramas and sonnets. Romeo and Juliet, as well as, A MIdsummer Nightââ¬â¢s Dream were written about the same time period. He was able to inter relate everything that wrote. For example, the tale of Pyramus and Thisbe could possibly be an advertisement for Romeo and Juliet. The basic structure of the two dramas is the same; two forbidden lovers meet pattyshaw143http://www.blogger.com/profile/10488403677324544093noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5521549565899914053.post-27985878077106823582019-12-16T22:57:00.001-08:002019-12-16T22:57:04.499-08:00The Characteristics Of Identity Identity, Identity And... Identity is an internalized force existing deep in the folds and crevices of the mind and manifested externally through a myriad of appearances, actions, behaviors, and ideologies. The components that define an individual are numerous, interwoven, and developed within a complex yet porous and pliable framework. Language, race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, experiences, culture, personality, religion, and even the perceptions of others are just a few characteristics that help to shape and reshape how individuals and groups view themselves and their place within the world. As mentioned above, religion, or its absence, is a crucial aspect of identity. For hundreds of years the indigenous people across Southeast Asia practiced formsâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The Burmese government also aggressively attempted to convert outlying groups to Buddhism, but like the Thais, had minimal success. Much of the failure in these cases can be attributed to the indigenous minority people w ho perceived conversion to the religion of the majority as a dilution of their culture and a loss of their unique identity. In most cases it seems that a balance is struck between the benefits of being a formal adherent to a major religion and choosing the religion that is less likely to absorb or undermine the identity of a minority culture. For example, in Malaysia to truly be Malay one needs to be a Muslim. For the Karen in Thailand, the choice is less obvious. Selecting Buddhism would elevate their status slightly within the country, include them in the national identity, and allow them to maintain their traditions and ethnic identity. Christianity, on the other hand, is also a beneficial choice that would expand their status beyond Thailandââ¬â¢s borders, but do little to connect them to the majority of the Thais. Christianity is also generally more stringent about devotion to doctrine than Buddhism and thus potentially damaging to their group identity. Choices like these we re weighed and pondered across Southeast Asia with a variety of outcomes. Religion, for all its power to unite,Show MoreRelatedPersonal Identity: Who Are You? Essay1399 Words à |à 6 Pages Identity, an ambiguous idea, plays an important part in todayââ¬â¢s world. To me identity can be defined as who a person is or what differentiates one person from another. Identity would be a personââ¬â¢s name, age, height, ethnicity, personality, and more. A quote by Anne Sexton states ââ¬Å"It doesnt matter who my father was; it matters who I remember he wasâ⬠(Anne Sexton). This quote helps me define identity because I believe it is saying that identity is what people are remembered by. When someRead MoreGay s Personal Identity Attributes1428 Words à |à 6 PagesGayââ¬â¢s Personal Identity Attributes In the human society, whether you are rich or poor, you have your own social identity, as gay men, what is the social identity of gay men? Do all the gay men see themselves the same or different? How do they deals with their various identities in the society? Actually, with the marked increase in the visibility of gay men in popular culture, many scholars have studied this issue and tried to explore the mysterious group. However, a systematic theory about the gayRead MoreAustralia Is Experiencing A True Predicament1342 Words à |à 6 PagesAustralians feel that the nation does not have a clear nation identity. This failure to do so has left the country in a state of discontent. If a national identity is an idea constructed by modern nation-states to identify real or imagined commonalities in order to unite a population (Flayhive 2007). Australia is missing a national identity, as the country has yet to construct its own national identity. This lack of a clear national identity can largely be attributed to the youth of the country. TheRead MoreCultural Identity Among Sudanese Youth1467 Words à |à 6 PagesWho are we? A study on cultural identity among Sudanese youth. 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Understanding thereââ¬â¢s another way ident ity labeling may intercept cultural similarities and dissimilaritiesRead MoreCultural Identity In Deaf Culture1444 Words à |à 6 Pageschoice theyââ¬â¢re automatically born into their cultural identity by naturally acquiring their language, accustoms, and/or taught other cultural fundamentals. This may reflect different ways or aspects of how importance five-factor models of personality, language, or learned gestures may play a role in a family or their culture based on the majority and minority which speaks also as a method of communication. Understanding thereââ¬â¢s another way identity labeling may intercept cultural similarities and dissimilaritiesRead MoreIdentity Is A Long Process Of Exploration And Discovery1506 Words à |à 7 PagesWhat is Identity? Identity is really a complex thing and canââ¬â¢t be as simple as just asking someone who they are as Swartz mentions in his writing, ââ¬Å"What is Identity.â⬠Asking someone the question of who they are barely scrapes the surface of that personââ¬â¢s identity. This poses the internal subconscious thought in many of ââ¬Å"who am I?â⬠When asking oneself ââ¬Å"who am I,â⬠one might think in less complex terms such as; personality, race, ethnicity, culture etc. as the main focus to describe who they are. HoweverRead MoreSoutheast Asian Identity1663 Words à |à 7 Pagesregion without an identityâ⬠. Discuss this statement with reference to at least 3 examples.à Making a check with Oxford Dictionary; Southeast Asia is defined as the part of south-eastern Asia that includes the countries of Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Burma (Myanmar), the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. A ââ¬Å"regionâ⬠refers to an area, especially part of a country or the world having definable characteristics but not always fixed boundaries, and an ââ¬Å"identityâ⬠refers to a closeRead MoreOur Individual Identity Is Determined by What Others Think of Us1283 Words à |à 6 PagesIdentity and belonging - Expository Essay Our individual identity is determined by what others think of us. Our identity is comprised of inner qualities and outer representations of self. It consists of innumerable defining characteristics that make up the whole of who we are in any given moment. These fragments of self include our sexuality, gender, and sense of belonging to a particular culture, nation, religion, family, or some other group. Our identity includes our looks, personality, beliefsRead MoreSocial Identity : An Individual s Preexisting Association With The Successful Other. Essay1504 Words à |à 7 PagesSocial Identity SIT has been discussed to provide context to how BIRG is founded on an individualââ¬â¢s preexisting association with the successful other. However, though it is argued that social identity is relatively universal as in being crucial to the social nature of humans, the process of its creation and the content of its construal remains variable across cultures. Introduce overarching distinctions: individualism-collectivism and independent-interdependent self-construal Because of the trends pattyshaw143http://www.blogger.com/profile/10488403677324544093noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5521549565899914053.post-72047924311109431532019-12-08T19:41:00.001-08:002019-12-08T19:41:03.277-08:00Chomskys Theory of Universal Grammar free essay sample This paper is a discussion of the ideas espoused by Chomsky that the capacity for language acquisition is something we are born with. This paper provides a detailed evaluation of Chomskys theory of Universal Grammar and innate Language Acquisition Device, which is central to the field of linguistics and psycholinguistics. It reviews the controversies surrounding Chomskys theory and discusses alternative theories. Language acquisition is undeniably biologically programmed as children all over the world, from varying cultures and linguistic environments produce the same levels of language at the same stages. Chomsky proposes that this is a direct result of Universal Grammar, which is an inherent part of every human mind. However, his theory of an innate Language Acquisition Device provokes controversy on two grounds. First is the debate between nature and nurture, with many theorists criticizing Chomsky for dismissing any environmental factors. Second, is the dispute as to whether language acquisition is an independent innate faculty as Chomsky claims, or part of the childs wider cognitive development. We will write a custom essay sample on Chomskys Theory of Universal Grammar or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Such disagreements demonstrate the enormous impact Chomskys theory has had on the field of linguistics and reflects how the Universal Grammar theory is for many the central pillar in our understanding of language. (Cook, V. Inside Language. Arnold. 1997, p249) pattyshaw143http://www.blogger.com/profile/10488403677324544093noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5521549565899914053.post-42560112664087799392019-12-01T07:23:00.001-08:002019-12-01T07:23:03.569-08:00Spirituals Africanized America free essay sample Spirituals Africanized America Claudia Androgen Vega Barstow Community College When people talk about music, do they ever wonder where all these great expressions come from? Music Is general Is such a broad subject, but In the case of American music, there Is one Important root: The African American Spirituals. These Negro Spiritual songs like, Swing Low, Sweet Chariot, The Wings of Atlanta, Been a -listening, and The Dawn of freedom express the sorrow and suffering of African American people to the world (Dills, Hansen, Parfait, 2011).In the late 18th and early 19th century these songs became popular and have influenced future American music genre (Jones, 2004)). This Influence can be seen in blues, Jazz, rock and roll, hip-hop, and rap. Spirituals relegated from the encounter between African slaves and Christianity. These slaves thought Charlatanry hypocritical due to the love white Americans professed and the slavery they applied. Regardless of the actions of white Americans, slaves still believed in the wonderful stories of the Bible. We will write a custom essay sample on Spirituals Africanized America or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is what led them to express themselves in songs Ones, 2004).Of the Negro spiritual, like Du Bois said, the Negro folk-song-?the rhythmic cry of the slave-?stands etc-day not simply as the sole American music, but as the most beautiful expression of human experience born this side the seas (Talks, Hansen, Parfait, 2011, peg. 137). Spirituals were the first manifestations of their newly African American culture. These songs were passing a message from the past to Du Bois present; therefore he did not identify them as African songs but sole American music. Spirituals were not like the songs people know now. They were more like a ;call and response method; improvising a phrase followed by a repeat response which sometimes became the chorus of the song (Origins of Jazz, n. D. ). These songs became popular at the end of the eighteen- century and during the last years of legalized slavery (Jones, 2004). Du Bolls explains that thanks to a blacksmiths son. Who defended once Cincinnati from a Confederate General, these songs became known all over the U. S. , Ireland, Scotland, Holland, and Switzerland. He formed a school for black children in Nashville. In 1866, He passed n to these children the spirituals he had learned as a child.Once these children sang and passed into his soul with their voices, He knew they were ready to let the world hear them. There were four poor black boys and five girls who traveled fighting cold and hunger. Until they had the opportunity to sang to the Congregational Council at Oberlin (Dills, Hansen, Parfait, 2011). People were amazed by the message of these children that finally surfaced to the world. They sang for seven years in the United States and Europe, and finally returned home with a hundred and fifty housing dollars to give rise to Fish University (Dills, Hansen, Parfait, 2011).After Slavery ended and couple years after spirituals surfaced, the songs started to fade past. Thus, they were still used for worship at African American churches Cones, 2004). Finally American music started to take a new turn. It was called Blues. This new genre of music had many similarities with the spirituals because it rose from similar conditions: hardship. Early blues had the same structure as the call and response of the spirituals. An example of early blues is Good Morning Blues by Leadenly. It emphasized call and response with the new blues rhythm (Blues Roots, n. D).Though these songs delivered a different message, they talked about their visions of the future and success rather than complaints. With the European influence, black people created a new genre of American music called Jazz. They followed some of the call and response pattern but with the help of European instruments (Origin of Jazz, n. D). Some of these instruments were trombone and, piano and they kept African instruments like the banjo and fiddle (Origin of Jazz, n. D). In the early twentieth century, Jazz was considered to be a low class genre. This is because it went against the regular classic standards of the music of the time.Early jazzs similarity with spirituals is that their lyrics were not written. Its lyrics were improvised and so was its rhythm. Jazz played a huge role in southern culture and identity (Origin of Jazz, n. D). An example of early Jazz is Sobbing Blues by King Olivers Creole Jazz Band. Spirituals influenced Rock n Roll in a similar way. After the end slavery, the new songs that were written did not speak of freedom anymore until the Civil Rights Movement. This movement was started by the minorities in order to have the same civil rights as every other American Cones, 2004). pattyshaw143http://www.blogger.com/profile/10488403677324544093noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5521549565899914053.post-43245540926845840622019-11-26T13:55:00.001-08:002019-11-26T13:55:04.249-08:00Inference Questions on SAT Reading 6 StrategiesInference Questions on SAT Reading 6 Strategies SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Inference questions make up nearly 15% of all SAT Reading questions (based on analysis of four publicly available new SATs). Answering inference questions correctly requires the ability to take information given in the text and then draw logical, supported conclusions from it. What are the different kinds of inference questions asked on the SAT Reading Section, and how should you go about answering them? I've got the answers for you in this article. feature image credit: Fellow citizens of Massachusetts! by Boston Public Library, used under CC BY 2.0/Cropped from original. What Are Inference Questions? Inference questions ask about the meaning of a line, paragraph, or even an entire passage. The ideas being asked about are not directly stated in the text, which mean that inference questions often include the phrases ââ¬Å"could be interpreted to meanâ⬠or ââ¬Å"suggests that." Since there can only be one correct answer to any SAT question, however, the answers to these questions cannot be subjective or ambiguous. Via funnyworld.info. Inference questions often also require big picture skills, since you must be able to get meaning from entire passages to answer questions about paired passage relationships, or from entire paragraphs for other inference questions. In contrast to function questions, which ask "what does [this word, phrase, or line] DO," inference questions ask "what does [this word, phrase, or line] MEAN?" There are three main kinds of inference questions: deduction, speculation, and examination. Type 1: Deduction Inference questions that fall into this subcategory ask you to fill in missing information. The gist of most of the questions is "If something is said in the passage, what is the logical extension?" Deduction questions are very close to detail questions, except that you must make a logical deduction, rather than relying only on information in the passage. For example: According to the passage, Woolf chooses the setting of the bridge because it A) is conducive to a mood of fanciful reflection. B) provides a good view of the procession of the sons of educated men. C) is within sight of historic episodes to which she alludes. D) is symbolic of the legacy of past and present sons of educated men. The relevant lines: Close at hand is a bridge over the River Thames, an admirable vantage ground for us to make a survey. The river flows beneath; barges pass, laden with timber, bursting with corn; there on one side are the domes and spires of the city; on the other, Westminster and the Houses of Parliament. It is a place to stand on by the hour, dreaming. But not now. Now we are pressed for time. Now we are here to consider facts; now we must fix our eyes upon the procession - the procession of the sons of educated men. To get the correct answer, (B), you must deduce from the info given. My thoughts: Normally we'd be on the bridge to dream and have fanciful reflection, but that's not the case now. Instead, now we have to do something else while standing on the bridge. What is that something else? Fixing our eyes on the procession of the sons of educated men. There will be a more full walkthrough of an inference question later on in this article ââ¬â the point of that was to show the eensy, teensy step you have to take beyond what is written to answer inference questions. It's not like high school English literature classes, where youââ¬â¢re encouraged to make any interpretation you can, as long as you can back it up with enough words/rambling. In fact, I know that some people just think of these kinds of inference questions as paraphrasing, becaus so little interpretation is involved. Some examples of how these questions have been asked on the SAT (with some modifications to keep them on the same theme): Based on the passage, the authorsââ¬â¢ statement ââ¬Å"If a pair consisted of two piccolos, for example, there would not be room for itâ⬠(lines 29-30) implies that a pair The narrator implies that Ms. Boulanger favors a form of education that emphasizes In Passage 1, Bach contends that breaking the laws of counterpoint has which consequence? La Orquestra Filharmà ³nica Nacional entonà ³ el Himno Nacional y la cancià ³n Patria Querida by Luigino Bracci, used under CC BY 2.0/Cropped from original. From my constant comments about musicians, you may be able to DEDUCE that I, too, am a musician. Type 2: Speculation These inference questions ask you to speculate about the meaning (or "suggested" meaning) of a statement, description, or something else in the passage. In some ways, these are similar to function questions, but the answers the SAT is looking for are very different. Take this question: In the passage, Akira addresses Chie with If this were a function question, the answer choices would be generic, like ââ¬Å"a continuation of an extended comparisonâ⬠or ââ¬Å"an unexpected answer to a question.â⬠Since this is an inference question, the answer choices are more specific, along the lines of ââ¬Å"affection but not genuine loveâ⬠or ââ¬Å"amusement but not mocking disparagement.â⬠Some examples of how this sort of inference question is asked: It can reasonably be inferred that ââ¬Å"the strong-mindedâ⬠(line 32) was a term generally intended to In line 42, the authors state that a certain hypothesis ââ¬Å"can best be tested by a trial.â⬠Based on the passage, which of the following is a hypothesis the authors suggest be tested in a trial? The phrase ââ¬Å"liquid goldâ⬠(line 71) most directly suggests that What does the author suggest about the transgenic studies done in the 1980s and 1990s? Type 3: Examination Inference questions which fall into the examination subcategory question you about the internal life (thoughts, feelings, motivations) of the narrator, author, or someone mentioned in the passage. They can mostly be summed up as asking "What would [this person] think about [that thing]?" Examination questions are the most complicated type of inference questions, because they ask you to get into the head of the author/narrator/character/other person mentioned in the text. You will often see these sorts of questions on paired passages. Fortunately, it is pretty easy to identify examination inference questions, since they do tend to fall into "what does X think about Y" format. See below for some examples: The ââ¬Å"social psychologistsâ⬠mentioned in paragraph 2 (lines 17-34) would likely describe the ââ¬Å"deadweight lossâ⬠phenomenon as The passage indicates that when the narrator began working for Edward Crimsworth, he viewed Crimsworth as a It can be inferred that the authors of Passage 1 believe that running a household and raising children It can most reasonably be inferred from Passage 2 that Paine views historical precedents as Beecher would most likely have reacted to lines 65-68 (ââ¬Å"Now . . . womanâ⬠) of Passage 2 with Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today! 6 Superior Strategies for Attacking Inference Questions So how do you attack inference questions? Is there any way other than just reading the entire passage? (Answer to the first question: hold on one moment. Answer to that second question: yes, for sure) I've compiled for you a bunch of different strategies for attacking inference questions. Some of these strategies work better if you read the passage a certain way (for instance, looking for context may not be as necessary for students who read the passage all the way through), but much of the advice is useful no matter what your method of reading the passage. Strategy 1: Understand What The Question Is Really Asking Understanding what an inference question is actually asking can be hard to wrap your head around, particularly when they ask about multiple passages. Questions are often wordy and seem to require a lot of information before you can even begin to answer them. For instance: The author of Passage 2 would most likely respond to the discussion of the future of space mining in lines 18-28, Passage 1, by claiming that such a future A) is inconsistent with the sustainable use of space resources.B) will be difficult to bring about in the absence of regulations.C) cannot be attained without technologies that do not yet exist.D) seems certain to affect Earthââ¬â¢s economy in a negative way. This question requires you to find information about the future of space mining in Passage 1 and then put yourself in the shoes of the author of Passage 2 and figure out what that author would think about the topic â⬠¦ugh. Aches and pains by Quinn Dombrowski, used under CC BY-SA 2.0/Cropped from original. How do you answer this kind of question without causing your brain to hurt too much? You break it down, piece by piece, into a question that is answerable. For the example above, you have to start by figuring out what the future of spacing mining says in Passage 1. How? Look at the sentence(s) referenced in the question (sometimes the quoted word may actually refer to something in another sentence, but Iââ¬â¢ll go into that later). In this case, the author of Passage 1 claims that not only will space miners might "[meet] earthly demands for precious metals...and the rare earth elements," "enrich themselves," but they will also "build an off-planet economy free of any bonds with Earth." Now all you have to do find specific places in Passage 2 where the author talks about the implications of space miners meeting demand for elements rare or valuable on earth (vaguely referenced in lines 48 and 51), getting rich themselves (specifically mentioned in lines 57-66), or creating an off-world economy (mentioned in lines 73-78). As you can see, figuring out what an inference question is asking can get you most of the way to figuring out what the answer is. Let's look at the example from above again, keeping the three topics discussed in lines 18-28 in mind. The author of Passage 2 would most likely respond to the discussion of the future of space mining in lines 18-28, Passage 1, by claiming that such a future A) is inconsistent with the sustainable use of space resources.B) will be difficult to bring about in the absence of regulations.C) cannot be attained without technologies that do not yet exist.D) seems certain to affect Earthââ¬â¢s economy in a negative way. To find the answer to this question, use the process of elimination on the answer choices. Do any of the parts of Passage 2 that address the claims in lines 18-28 of Passage 1 support the choices? Choices C) and D) can be eliminated immediately because Passage 2 does not make either of these claims at all, which leaves you with a choice between choices A) and B). While the authors of Passage 2 posit that "Others will suggest glutting ourselves on spaceââ¬â¢s riches is not an acceptable alternative to developing more sustainable ways of earthly life," they do not make any claims about the sustainable use of space resources, which means that choice A) is wrong. By contrast, after mentioning that "the relevant legal and regulatory framework" for space mining "is fragmentary, to put it mildly" in lines 73-78, the author of passage 2 concludes that ââ¬Å"â⬠¦miners have much to gain from a broad agreement on the for-profit exploitation of space. Without consensus, claims will be disputed, investments risky, and the gains made insecure.â⬠This directly discusses regulation of space mining and how it would be difficult to move forward with space mining in the absence of regulation, making the correct answer to this question choice B). Strategy 2: Look For Context SAT Reading may lull you into a sense of false security, because line numbers are given in a question (so you clearly don't have to look elsewhere). WRONG! The lines present in the question (particularly when it is an inference question) are not necessarily the only lines youââ¬â¢ll need to answer the question - often, more context is needed. If you're having trouble with an inference question because the lines cited aren't enough, the best strategy is to look at the sentences before and after the phrase/sentence/lines youââ¬â¢re given in the question. Sometimes even that isn't enough, and you'll need to know the main point of the passage or the perspective of the author in order to properly answer an inference question. Don't panic if this is the case - if you're struggling to answer the question, mark it in your test booklet and come back to it after youââ¬â¢ve answered other relevant questions (like questions about the paragraph/section the lines in question are in, or even questions about the whole passage). Strategy 3: Answer In Your Own Words For me, this strategy is the key to answering inference questions correctly. If I don't come up with the answer in my own words before I look at the answer choices, I get tripped up by answer choices that include irrelevant information (because I search for ways to prove that they are true) - this is a waste of time and an easy way to get confused. Your answer for "Based on the passages, Lincoln would most likely describe the behavior that Thoreau recommends in lines 64-66 (ââ¬Å"if it . . . lawâ⬠) as" will probably not be as prettily worded as the actual answer choices, but because your answer should include only relevant and accurate information, matching it to the correct answer should be easier. The College Board knows that you've been trained (via high school English classes) to see as many different points of view as possible and is banking on you getting bogged down in wrong answers that are interpretations that ââ¬Å"seem like they could be true.â⬠Don't be fooled: there is only one right answer on the SAT, and if you start with the right answer in your own words, itââ¬â¢s a lot easier to choose the right answer in THEIR words. But how do you figure out what a phrase, line, or sentence means/suggests/indicates, or what its implications are? Strategy 4:Nail Down Other SAT Reading Skills The skills you need to answer inference questions build on other SAT Reading skills. Take this question: The author's attitude toward pharming is best described as one of A) apprehension. B) ambivalence. C) appreciation. D) astonishment In order to answer this question sucessfully, you need all of the following skills: Vocab in Context ââ¬â you need to be able to sum up an attitude in a single word Little Picture ââ¬â you need to figure out what pharming is and when it's discussed in the passage Big Picture ââ¬â you need to be able to scan the passage to get a sense of the attitude of the author If all else fails, you can use author technique skills to figure out the general tone of the passage (is it positive or negative towards pharming? Which answers are positive and which are negative?) Pulling all of these skills together allows you to successfully answer an examination inference question that asks you "How does the author of the passage feel about pharming?" Nail by Craig Dugas, used under CC BY-SA 2.0. Nail down those SAT Reading skills better than some person nailed down that...nail. Strategy 5:Answer Questions In The Order That Works For You What order this is will depend on the way you read the passage. If you read the passage all the way through, then look at the questions, I'd recommend starting with big picture questions and then going to inference (and function) questions. That way, you can answer questions about larger amount of text while it's still fresh in your mind, and you might get some useful information that'll help you with inference questions. It's also possible that just answering questions in order of appearance might work best if you read quickly enough to get through the passage and have plenty of time to answer the questions, because you'll be less likely to accidentally skip a question or fill in the wrong answer bubble. If you start by reading through all the questions, then jumping back to the passage(s), start with little picture and vocab in context questions (which themselves can require some degree of inference, if you don't know the word being asked about and need to rely on context clues) to get more information about the author and topic being covered, then move on to inference questions. If it turns out you need big picture information to answer a particular inference question, mark it on your test booklet and come back to it later. If you skim the passage and then tackle questions, it's better to answer both big and little picture questions before you start in on the inference questions. Even if the phrases/sentences/lines mentioned in an inference question are in introduction or conclusion sentences (or paragraphs), chances are that more context will be needed than you picked up on your initial skim. Leave inference questions until after you've answered the questions that are easiest to answer after skimming a passage - big picture questions (because they ask about a large amount of text) and little picture questions (because you will have a good idea of where in the passage details might be located). Strategy 6:Eliminate Answers As you may or may not already know, the fundamental rule for SAT Reading is that you must eliminate 3 wrong answers. For inference questions, this can be difficult, because even if you answer the question in your own words correctly, the inference you make may not what theyââ¬â¢re looking for. How do you figure out if an answer can be eliminated? After all, you have to go through the text and then match it with these weird answers that have all these different components. That last part, however, actually makes going throught the answer choices to inference questions easier, because if any part of the answer choice does not match with the passage, then you can eliminate that answer choice. Take this examination question, for instance: Based on the passages, both authors would agree with which of the following claims? A) Women have moral duties and responsibilities. B) Men often work selflessly for political change. C) The ethical obligations of women are often undervalued. D) Political activism is as important for women as it is for men. The correct answer must be completely correct. So even the author of Passage 2 would agree that political activism is just as important for women as it is for men, as per answer choice (D), if the author of Passage 1 would not also agree with it then you must eliminate it. For this question, the correct answer, (A), passes this test: the author of both passages would agree that women have moral duties and responsibilities. Inference Questions: A Walkthrough To finish up (and before you get to practice inference questions), Iââ¬â¢ll do an in-depth walkthrough with you of a particularly nasty inference question. On the actual SAT, you won't need nearly as much explanation to justify the correct answer - I just wanted to make sure my reasoning was clear. Which reaction does Akira most fear from Chie? A) She will consider his proposal inappropriate. B) She will mistake his earnestness for immaturity. C) She will consider his unscheduled visit an imposition. D) She will underestimate the sincerity of his emotions. Because the question is asking what reaction Akira most fears from Chie, Iââ¬â¢ll need to focus on the parts of the passage that are from Akiraââ¬â¢s point of view or talk about what he is concerned about only. The question isnââ¬â¢t asking what any other character thinks Akira fears, just what Akira fears, so the evidence should come from him. Hereââ¬â¢s the two sections of the passage that are from Akira's point of view or involve him expressing things he cares about: ââ¬Å"Madame,â⬠said Akira, ââ¬Å"forgive my disruption, but I come with a matter of urgency.â⬠His voice was soft, refined. He straightened and stole a deferential peek at her face.In the dim light his eyes shone with sincerity. Chie felt herself starting to like him.ââ¬Å"Come inside, get out of this nasty night. Surely your business can wait for a moment or two.â⬠ââ¬Å"I donââ¬â¢t want to trouble you. Normally I would approach you more properly but Iââ¬â¢ve received word of a position. Iââ¬â¢ve an opportunity to go to America, as dentist for Seattleââ¬â¢s Japanese community.â⬠(Lines 31-42)Akira blushed.ââ¬Å"Depending on your response, I may stay in Japan. Iââ¬â¢ve come to ask for Naomiââ¬â¢s hand.â⬠Suddenly Chie felt the dampness of the night.ââ¬Å"Does Naomi know anything of your . . .ambitions?â⬠ââ¬Å"We have an understanding. Please donââ¬â¢t judge my candidacy by the unseemliness of this proposal. I ask directly because the use of a go-between takes much time. Either method comes down to the same thing: a matter of parental approval. If you give your consent, I become Naomiââ¬â¢s yoshi.* Weââ¬â¢ll live in the House of Fuji. Without your consent, I must go to America, to secure a new home for my bride.â⬠Eager to make his point, heââ¬â¢d been looking her full in the face. Abruptly, his voice turned gentle. ââ¬Å"I see Iââ¬â¢ve startled you. My humble apologies. Iââ¬â¢ll take no more of your evening. My address is on my card. If you donââ¬â¢t wish to contact me, Iââ¬â¢ll reapproach you in two weeksââ¬â¢ time. Until then, good night.â⬠He bowed and left. Taking her ease, with effortless grace, like a cat making off with a fish.*a man who marries a woman of higher status and takes her familyââ¬â¢s name(Lines 57-78) My thinking: At first glance, Akira appears to be afraid of a few things (in order of appearance in the passage): worried heââ¬â¢s interrupting (line 31, ââ¬Å"forgive my disruptionâ⬠) doesnââ¬â¢t want to trouble because of his improper method of approaching (lines 39-40, ââ¬Å"I don't want to trouble you. Normally I would approach you more properlyâ⬠) concerned he might be turned down because of the way he approached (lines 63-64, ââ¬Å"Please donââ¬â¢t judge my candidacy by the unseemliness of this approvalâ⬠) On the face of it, these are all possible answers (although the question asks what he most fears, so eventually Iââ¬â¢ll have to narrow it down a little). But are there any answer choices that can be eliminated right away?A) She will consider his proposal inappropriate.That matches up with the third thing Akira is worried about, so we definitely canââ¬â¢t eliminate that.B) She will mistake his earnestness for immaturity.That doesnââ¬â¢t match with any of the three things Akira is worried about, so it seems unlikely. This is a sneaky answer choice, though, because in a section of the passage we learn that Chie does think heââ¬â¢s immature (ââ¬Å"Thatââ¬â¢s how she viewed him, as a childâ⬠). But thereââ¬â¢s no evidence that Akira is worried about this, so it canââ¬â¢t be the correct answer and thus can be eliminated.C) She will consider his unscheduled visit an imposition.This matches up with the second thing on the list above, so it shouldnââ¬â¢t be elimi nated yet.D) She will underestimate the sincerity of his emotions.That doesnââ¬â¢t match with any of the reasons Akira is worried. It does seem like a logical thing for Akira to worry about, but to make that inference is too big a leap, particularly when there are two other choices that are supported by the passage. Plus, the only thing the passage does state about Akiraââ¬â¢s sincerity is ââ¬Å"In the dim light his eyes shone with sincerity. Chie felt herself starting to like him.â⬠, which if anything would imply that Chie knows Akira is sincere. Eliminate it!So now Iââ¬â¢m down to two answer choices:A) She will consider his proposal inappropriate.andC) She will consider his unscheduled visit an imposition. Since the remaining answer choices are both things that Akira fears from Chie, the next step is to figure out which one Akira most fears. There can only be one right answer to an SAT question, so the correct answer has to be clearly more fear-inducing. One of the reasons this question is so tricky is that figuring out which scenario Akira fears the most requires other SAT Reading skills like finding the detail and understanding the big picture. Here's more of my thinking as I reasoned through the rest of this question: The whole reason Akira approaches Chie in the first place is about the proposal, and the first words out of his mouth have to do with it (ââ¬Å"forgive my disruption, but I come with a matter of urgencyâ⬠). This detail isnââ¬â¢t the only evidence that suggests Akira is more worried about his proposal than about his visit being an imposition, which would suggest answer choiceA). The bulk of the supporting evidence for the answer to this question, though, requires big picture skills. The main reason Akira visits the house is to tell Chie he wants to marry her daughter. While C) She will consider his unscheduled visit an imposition. is something that Akira fears, it is only a smaller subset of Akiraââ¬â¢s fear about the inappropriate nature of his proposal. In fact, the only reason Akira worries about his visit being seen as an imposition is because he worries it might make Chie see his proposal as inappropriate. So in this case, the thing that Akira most fears (and the corr ect answer) is A) She will consider his proposal inappropriate. Can we go for a walk? by Kathleen Tyler Conklin, used under CC BY 2.0/Cropped from original. Your reward for completing that arduous question is this picture of an adorable dog. Enjoy! Inference Questions: Practice Time! I've included three medium-level official practice questions for you to...practice...with. Unfortunately, the most complicated inference questions required too much text to copy and paste, so you will just have to hunt those down on your own (perhaps via our complete list of official SAT practice tests?). This passage is adapted from MacDonald Harris, The Balloonist. à ©2011 by The Estate of Donald Heiney. During the summer of 1897, the narrator of this story, a fictional Swedish scientist, has set out for the North Pole in a hydrogen-powered balloon. 1. Over the course of the passage, the narratorââ¬â¢s attitude shifts from A) fear about the expedition to excitement about it. B) doubt about his abilities to confidence in them. C) uncertainty of his motives to recognition of them. D) disdain for the North Pole to appreciation of it. 2. Which choice best describes the narratorââ¬â¢s view of his expedition to the North Pole? A) Immoral but inevitable B) Absurd but necessary C) Socially beneficial but misunderstood D) Scientifically important but hazardous 3. The question the narrator asks in lines 30-31 (ââ¬Å"Will it . . . railwayâ⬠) most nearly implies that A) balloons will never replace other modes of transportation. B) the North Pole is farther away than the cities usually reached by train. C) people often travel from one city to another without considering the implications. D) reaching the North Pole has no foreseeable benefit to humanity. Answer key (scroll down when ready): 1. C 2. B 3. D In Conclusion Inference questions ask you to deduce, speculate, and examine based on evidence directly stated in the text. In order to successfully answer inference questions, you must make sure you understand the question Look for context to help if the lines/words mentioned in the question aren't enough Answer the question in your own words before looking at the SATââ¬â¢s answer choices Nail down other SAT Reading skills to help you with inference questions Answer questions in an order that makes sense and is not confusing/disorienting Eliminate three wrong answers Whatââ¬â¢s Next? Did you find this SAT Reading skill-focused article useful? You're in luck - we have a whole series of SAT Reading skills articles! You can find them all collected here in our ultimate guide to SAT Reading, or you can jump to specific articles on main point, little picture, function, vocab in context, author technique, analogy, and paired passage questions Feeling overwhelmed and not sure what the best way to practice SAT Reading is? Find out how to read the passage and how to attack paired passages. Worried about running out of time on SAT Reading? Youââ¬â¢re not alone. Read more about how to avoid getting caught in a Reading time crunch here. Do you find that breaking down questions by skill type and drilling them really works for you? Consider the PrepScholar platform to help you with your SAT test prep! Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Reading lesson, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial: pattyshaw143http://www.blogger.com/profile/10488403677324544093noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5521549565899914053.post-19455414864850432642019-11-22T21:18:00.001-08:002019-11-22T21:18:03.663-08:00Knoxville Campaign in the Civil WarKnoxville Campaign in the Civil War Knoxville Campaign - Conflict Dates: The Knoxville Campaign was fought in November and December 1863, during the American Civil War (1861-1865). Armies Commanders: Union Major General Ambrose BurnsideArmy of the Ohio (3 corps, approximately 20,000 men) Confederate Lieutenant General James Longstreetapprox. 15,000-20,000 men Knoxville Campaign - Background: Having been relieved from command of the Army of the Potomac following his defeat at the Battle of Fredericksburg in December 1862, Major General Ambrose Burnside was transferred west to head the Department of the Ohio in March 1863.à In this new post, he came under pressure from President Abraham Lincoln to push into East Tennessee as the region had long been a stronghold of pro-Union sentiment.à Devising a plan to advance from his base at Cincinnati with IX and XXIII Corps, Burnside was forced to delay when the former received orders to travel southwest to aid Major General Ulysses S. Grants siege of Vicksburg.à Compelled to await IX Corps return before attacking in force, he instead dispatched cavalry under Brigadier General William P. Sanders to raid in the direction of Knoxville. Striking in mid-June, Sanders command succeeded in inflicting damage on the railroads around Knoxville and frustrating Confederate commander Major General Simon B. Buckner.à With the return of IX Corps, Burnside commenced his advance in August.à Unwilling to directly attack the Confederate defenses in the Cumberland Gap, he swung his command to the west and proceeded over mountain roads.à As Union troops moved into the region, Buckner received orders to move south to aid General Braxton Braggs Chickamauga Campaign.à Leaving a single brigade to guard the Cumberland Gap, he departed East Tennessee with remainder of his command.à As a result, Burnside succeeded in occupying Knoxville on September 3 without a fight.à A few days later, his men forced the surrender of those Confederate troops guarding the Cumberland Gap. Knoxville Campaign - The Situation Changes: As Burnside moved to consolidate his position, he sent some reinforcements south to aid Major General William Rosecrans who was pressing into northern Georgia.à In late September, Burnside won a minor victory at Blountville and began moving the bulk of his forces toward Chattanooga.à As Burnside campaigned in East Tennessee, Rosecrans was badly defeated at Chickamauga and pursued back to Chattanooga by Bragg.à Caught with his command strung out between Knoxville and Chattanooga, Burnside concentrated the bulk of his men at Sweetwater and sought instructions on how he could aid Rosecrans Army of the Cumberland which was under siege by Bragg.à During this period, his rear was threatened by Confederate forces in southwestern Virginia.à Backtracking with some of his men, Burnside defeated Brigadier General John S. Williams at Blue Spring on October 10. Ordered to hold his position unless Rosecrans called for aid, Burnside remained in East Tennessee.à Later in the month, Grant arrived with reinforcements and relieved the siege of Chattanooga.à As these events were unfolding, dissent spread through Braggs Army of Tennessee as many of his subordinates were unhappy with his leadership.à To rectify the situation, President Jefferson Davis arrived to meet with the parties involved.à While there, he suggested that Lieutenant General James Longstreets corps, which had arrived from General Robert E. Lees Army of Northern Virginia in time for Chickamauga, be sent against Burnside and Knoxville.à Longstreet protested this order as he felt he possessed insufficient men for the mission and the departure of his corps would weaken the overall Confederate position at Chattanooga.à Overruled, he received orders to move north with support provided by 5,000 cavalry under Major General Joseph Wheeler.à à Knoxville Campaign - Pursuit to Knoxville: Alerted to Confederate intentions, Lincoln and Grant were initially concerned about Burnsides exposed position.à Calming their fears, he successfully argued for a plan that would see his men slowly withdraw towards Knoxville and prevent Longstreet from taking part in future fighting around Chattanooga.à Moving out during the first week of November, Longstreet had hoped to use rail transport as far as Sweetwater.à This proved complicated as trains ran late, insufficient fuel was available, and many locomotives lacked the power to climb the steeper grades in the mountains.à As a result, it was not until November 12 that his men were concentrated at their destination.à Crossing the Tennessee River two days later, Longstreet commenced his pursuit of the retreating Burnside.à On November 16, the two sides met at the key crossroads of Campbells Station.à Though the Confederates attempted a double envelopment, Union troops succeeded in holding their position and repulsing Longstreets attacks.à Withdrawing later in the day, Burnside reached the safety of Knoxvilles fortifications the next day.à During his absence, these had been enhanced under the eye of engineer Captain Orlando Poe.à In an effort to gain more time for enhancing the citys defenses, Sanders and his cavalry engaged the Confederates in a delaying action on November 18.à Though successful, Sanders was mortally wounded in the fighting. Knoxville Campaign - Assaulting the City: Arriving outside the city, Longstreet commenced a siege despite lacking heavy guns.à Though he planned to assault Burnsides works on November 20, he elected to delay to await reinforcements led by Brigadier General Bushrod Johnson.à The postponement frustrated his officers as they recognized that every hour that passed allowed Union forces to strengthen their fortifications.à Assessing the citys defenses, Longstreet proposed an assault against Fort Sanders for November 29.à Located northwest of Knoxville, the fort extended out from the main defensive line and was seen a weak point in the Union defenses.à Despite its placement, the fort was situated atop a hill and fronted by wire obstacles and deep ditch.à On the night of November 28/29, Longstreet assembled around 4,000 men below Fort Sanders.à It was his intention to have them surprise the defenders and storm the fort shortly before dawn.à Preceded by a brief artillery bombardment, three Confederate brigades advanced as planned.à Briefly slowed by the wire entanglements, they pressed on towards the forts walls.à Reaching the ditch, the attack broke down as the Confederates, lacking ladders, were unable to scale the forts steep walls.à Though covering fire pinned down some of the Union defenders, Confederate forces in the ditch and surrounding areas quickly sustained heavy losses.à After approximately twenty minutes, Longstreet abandoned the attack having sustained 813 casualties against only 13 for Burnside. Knoxville Campaign - Longstreet Departs: As Longstreet debated his options, word arrived that Bragg had been crushed at the Battle of Chattanooga and forced to retreat south.à With the Army of Tennessee badly wounded, he soon received orders to march south to reinforce Bragg.à Believing these orders to beà impracticable he instead proposed remaining around Knoxville for a long as possible to prevent Burnside from joining Grant for a combined offensive against Bragg.à This proved effective as Grant felt compelled to dispatch Major General William T. Sherman to reinforce Knoxville.à Made aware of this movement, Longstreet abandoned his siege and withdrew northeast to Rogersville with an eye to eventually returning to Virginia. Reinforced at Knoxville, Burnside sent his chief of staff, Major General John Parke, in pursuit of the enemy with around 12,000 men.à On December 14, Parkes cavalry, led by Brigadier General James M. Shackelford was attacked by Longstreet at the Battle of Beans Station.à Mounting a tenacious defense, they held through the day and withdrew only when enemy reinforcements arrived.à Retreating to Blains Cross Roads, Union troops quickly built field fortifications.à Assessing these the next morning, Longstreet elected not to attack and continued withdrawing northeast. Knoxville Campaign - Aftermath: With the end of the standoff at Blains Cross Roads, the Knoxville Campaign came to an end.à Moving into northeast Tennessee, Longstreets men went into winter quarters.à They remained in the region until spring when they rejoined Lee in time for the Battle of the Wilderness.à A defeat for the Confederates, the campaign saw Longstreet fail as an independent commander despite an established track record leading his corps.à Conversely, the campaign helped reestablish Burnsides reputation after the debacle at Fredericksburg.à Brought east in the spring, he led IX Corps during Grants Overland Campaign.à Burnside remained in this position until being relieved in August following the Union defeat at the Battle of the Crater during the Siege of Petersburg.à à Selected Sources Knoxville: A Near-Death ExperienceHistory of War: Battle of KnoxvilleCWSAC Battle Summaries: Fort Sanders pattyshaw143http://www.blogger.com/profile/10488403677324544093noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5521549565899914053.post-10680176629027609732019-11-21T03:01:00.001-08:002019-11-21T03:01:04.303-08:00Globalization in India and Brazil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 wordsGlobalization in India and Brazil - Essay Example The economy of India has the features of both socialistic and capitalistic economy. The economy was stratified into sectors entirely reserved for the government and sectors reserved for the private. The government had a strict control over the business community through the licensing and reservations. The economy of India in the 1980s was mostly dependent on the foreign borrowings. "In June 1991 India's condition on foreign exchange reserves was poor and precarious. India made a proposal for a loan of US$ 2.26 billion from the IMF. In view of the destitution that the country was in, it had no alternative than to succumb to the World Bank-IMF prescription in embarking on the so-called stabilization and structural adjustment programmes as a precondition to loan. The World Bank was ready with its proposed 'Strategy for Trade Reform'. As a result, thus, India introduced the New Economic Policy (NEP) in 1991" (Mishra, 2006). India started its trade liberalization and globalization hand in hand out of compulsion to survive. As a result, the major reforms that were introduced were: The above-mentioned measures were some of the prominent introduced by the government. But these measures were heavily criticized by the conservative leftist parties. It was predicted that India would be flooded by foreign-made goods and the local industry would be crushed. Among emerging market economies, India is considered as a location of consequence for foreign firms because of prospective opportunities that arise for reasons such as the market size referred to and human resources. The high talent and relatively low cost of Indian managers can make the transfer of capabilities easier to Indian subsidiaries, reducing the need for expatriate staff and increasing the feasibility of using Indian subsidiaries as an export platform (Cable, 1995). Though globalization in India had its bumps, the economy is now reaping the benefits of globalization. The economy has become stronger and Indian co mpanies have started to set up operations based out of India( Chibber, 1999). Though globalization was able to give the much-needed boost to the docile economy, the benefits of the process are mostly enjoyed by the urban mass and there are very little benefits enjoyed by rural India. Globalization in Brazil Brazil is a growing economy in its path of development through its effective globalization initiatives. According to Richard L. Harris, in order for globalization to occur, a country must partake in a global process of cross-border flows of products, services, capital, people and information(Harris, 2005). The three most prominent areas of change in the Brazilian economy are the agricultural changes, military weapons development, and overseas construction. (Sanchez, 2005). Before globalization, Brazil was concentrating on its only cash crop, Sugar.à à pattyshaw143http://www.blogger.com/profile/10488403677324544093noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5521549565899914053.post-14975378936712642082019-11-19T12:22:00.001-08:002019-11-19T12:22:02.798-08:00Packet Data Transmission Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 wordsPacket Data Transmission - Essay Example The transport layer establishes a session management between the two hosts. Data received from the application layer is segmented into packets. Each packet is given a unique label before being transmitted. The packets contain the necessary information that is sent to the host computer to fetch a web page; these packets are transmitted to the internet layer. The internet layer constitutes the Internet Protocol (Parziale, 2006). Data is packaged into Internet Protocol datagrams, which hold the address details of the client and server. The addresses of the client and server side are referred to as IP addresses (Osterloh, 2001). The packets are then transmitted to network interface layer. The network interface layer is responsible for determining how data is transmitted over the network (Rufi, 2008). The transmission of data is dependent on the network medium used, for example, Ethernet and the optical fiber. TCP/IP protocol stack In order for communication to be effective, the internet protocol is based on the TCP/IP model. The TCP/IP constitutes protocols, mainly the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP), hence the name but there exist other protocols as well. The TCP/IP is a hierarchical model composed of interactive modules where each module is assigned a specific task (Bonaventure, 2011, p.75). The layers in the model are composed of protocols that can relate to each other depending on the system type. In terms of hierarchy, a number of layers below the higher layer protocols support it. pattyshaw143http://www.blogger.com/profile/10488403677324544093noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5521549565899914053.post-89153244695519349232019-11-17T00:53:00.001-08:002019-11-17T00:53:07.137-08:00The Dream Giver by Bruce Wilkinson Essay Example for Free The Dream Giver by Bruce Wilkinson Essay 1) What is my opinion about the statement, ââ¬Å"What you are missing you already haveâ⬠? I totally agree with it, since I have seen it play out in my life. I grew up in a household of lack thinkers. It was common to hear things like; ââ¬Å"Itââ¬â¢s always something,â⬠ââ¬Å"People like us canââ¬â¢t just canââ¬â¢t get ahead,â⬠ââ¬Å"With my luckâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ Therefore, most of my adult life I spent chasing something that I thought I wanted. The perfect job, car, situation always seemed to be just out of grasp. I paid for a New age type conference in Scottsdale Arizona. I signed up for a Psychic ability workshop. I came away with a different understanding. What happened was I got seated next to some total strangers. As polite conversations took place, some ah-ha moments happened. I revealed that I do Healing Touch. With that modality, I can attune to a patientââ¬â¢s energy fields. As I described my abilities, strengths and talents, a small group of onlookers appeared. Many made comments like, ââ¬Å"I wish I could do that,â⬠and ââ¬Å"You are amazingâ⬠. I also witnessed someone who passed out after a seminar. I responded, and was able to talk to the person who was lying on the floor waiting for EMS. A small group of hotel staff and well-meaning strangers appeared. A physician was there too. However, the doctor was trying to ask the fallen patient many questions about her health history. In fact, the doctor was literally asking the patient a question while she was throwing up. I could not believe it!. As the scene unfolded, I realized that all of my feelings of inadequacy, and thoughts of being an imposter were invalidated right then there. A light bulb went off over my head as I realized that I can be of service. I will know what to do in times of crisis. Furthermore, my emotional sensitivity is actually a blessing in dealing with patients when know one else (even those who are professional caregivers and extremely intelligent) is actually listening to the patient. I have seen many example of my gifts and talents arise when I least expect it. I can fulfill a role and serve a niche. The important part to note is that I need to follow my intuition and not over-think things. All of the gifts, skills and talent have been with me all along. My searching for something I already have seemed ridiculous to me once I realized that is what Iââ¬â¢ve been doing most of my life. Now I embrace my abilities. Where is this true in my life? This concept appears when I undertake something new, like a class. Particularly this coaching course. Many time I felt like an imposter, and inadequate. However, as the classes came went, I realized that the skills I have fit in perfectly for becoming a coach. Especially when I pay attention to spirit and energy when I coach. It seems to be a golden opportunity for me to utilize all of my previous academic, work and personal life experiences to be an effective Health Wellness Coach. 2) What do I believe about the statement, ââ¬Å"Everyone has a big dreamâ⬠? I believe that the statement is true. In fact, I hear snippets of conversations everyday that elude to the dissatisfaction most people seem to have when they talk about their jobs, family life or education. Many people wish they were doing something else. I meet very few people that are doing what they absolutely love. However, most seem to settle for the mundane, safe and secure. What is my big dream? I want to be a successful Healer, Teacher, Speaker, Coach and Author. How am I fulfilling on my dream? I am a practicing Healer by providing Healing Touch to patients at Hudson, WI Hospital. I recently taught 2 classes (Winter Quarter) at the Minnesota School of Business. I also had an article ââ¬Å"Healing Touchâ⬠published in Twin Cities Naturally April 2009. Therefore, I am living small aspects of my dream. I hope to make more money at it and be in demand more once I fulfill the Life Coach Practitioner requirements. Then I will feel legitimate and be ready! 3) What was the invisible wall of fear for Ordinary? It was the part of the journey, whereby Ordinary in order to continue, he must turn on back on familiar. This requires breaking through the comfort zone. When have I hit my wall of fear? I was in the Graduate Education program (Ed.D.) at Hamline University in 2001-2003. I felt like an imposter. Especially since my fellow classmates were all elementary school classroom teachers. I could not identify with their mind-set, jargon or profession. Therefore, I created obstacles for myself. What happened? I eventually withdrew from the Ed.D. program. I felt an overwhelming sense of inadequacy and failure. I still do not talk about it much. However, Iââ¬â¢ve come to realize that everything happens for a reason and I am better off now for having the experience. 4) When have I been stopped from moving forward by something that was really important to you? My plans for moving forward have been put on hold, by may fatherââ¬â¢s diagnosis with a chronic health condition. Since he was diagnosed in June of 2007, I have not taken any trips, attended any conferences or explored long-term options on anything. It turns out that my relationship with my Father is very important to me. Furthermore, the role of caregiver, and planner is one that feels good to me. For most of my life, he has provided a stable environment t for me my brother. Now I am privileged to help him. Who rose to the occasion? Who is my Champion (s)? I have many people who support me and champion my activities. Many cousins, uncles, aunts, previous co-workers and classmates. Particularly the Healers in the group. Many people support me. To my surprise, many support my living at home and taking care of Dad. I never have to explain, why I am still living at home with my dad. In fact most admire respect me for this. When people see me, they often ask how my dad is? Similar to when people ask how a spouse is doing etc. For sake of privacy, respect and personal reasons, I am declining to actually name the champions in my life. 5) How similar is Championââ¬â¢s commitment to being a Border Buster that to being a Coach? Champion wants to help Ordinary break through the opposition. Champion does not want to do it for him, nor instead of him. Therefore, Champion is like a coach due to that philosophy. Coaches help empower the client to come to their own decisions. Coaches do not make decisions for their clients, nor fix them. This is done by helping the client understand a situation. Putting things into context, and broadening awareness. The coach can help their client understand the value in things that may seem undesirable. Turning opposition into opportunity. This helps a client clarify their plans and achieving their dream. 6) What role did Faith play throughout the story? Faith gives Ordinary strength. Faith helps set the path, and reminds Ordinary what is truly important. Faith reminded him that, ââ¬Å"Food enough for the day. Water, when he needed to drink. A path to follow that led to Faith.â⬠The role of Faith also allows the traveler to leave behind baggage of the past. It is no longer needed, no longer serves, and is a hindrance now. What role is Faith playing a role in my big dream? Faith is reminding me to allow things to happen, and give up trying to make things happen. The right person, situation or job will find me when Iââ¬â¢m prepared. Things will fall into place in their own time. It is allowing me permission to control the things I can, and accept those that I cannot. It gives me hope that everything is how it is supposed to be. 7) What is meant by unbelief is more dangerous, to a dream, than any giant? Unbelief means taking a risk. If Ordinary turned into unbelief, then the big dream was dead in its tracks. Unbelievers return to the comfort zone and may forfeit any change to strive for their big dream in the future. When has unbelief undermined my dream? I stopped perusing any Ph.D. programs. The disbelief that I could make it through the rigors of taking the GRE, getting accepted and subsequently writing a Ph.D. Thesis research project has stopped me from going any further with it. Therefore, I have settled for teaching undergraduate level college students at second-rate colleges. 8) What truths did Ordinary learn? Everybody has a big dream, it is important and its never too late to pursue it. A big dream never dies. Every Nobody was made to be a Somebody. Wake up to the big dream that God has given you and set out on a journey to achieve it. Face fear as you leave the comfort zone. You will encounter opposition all around. This opposition can actually be opportunity to learn from it. Enduring a season of difficulty will test your faith. The concept of surrender is important to feel one with God. Fight the giants. You can reach your full potential as you achieve your dreams and brings honor to God. When and how have I learned the same truths? I have learned the power of surrender by giving up the hope of finding a job whereby I actually go into work for a company. Any attempts to apply for jobs has proved frustrating. When I gave up the need to plan, I received a call regarding grant money for school, and was offered a temporary teaching job (from an unrelated organization) ten minutes later. Therefore, I was reminded to trust in the ways of God, and stop trying to think my way out of my problems. The struggling to find a job, brought me to the Workforce Center. There I met some individuals that had information. This information led me to a new journey of self discovery and enlightenment. 9) What happened that Ordinary didnââ¬â¢t recognize the big dream when it was right in front of him? The lovely city he had imagined was not his Dream, but a picture of what his Dream would accomplish. The big Dream matches the big Needs of so many people. Therefore, Ordinaryââ¬â¢s Big Dream fulfills many peopleââ¬â¢s needs. He was caught up in the pursuit, that he did not recognize it playing out right in front of him. The busyness of doing helps fulfill the action of carrying out the Big Dream. 10) What was ordinaryââ¬â¢s song? It is a song about a special place that everybody has in the Dream Giverââ¬â¢s heartâ⬠¦Every Anybody is made to be Somebody Special and accomplish Great Things. What is my song? My song is one of Healing and Helping. My song includes taking my previous work, life, and learning experiences combining them with healing abilities to help those in divine alignment to heal. My song is important for others to learn becauseâ⬠¦ I have learned some valuable lessons by experiencing thing the hard way. I have also changed my views of the world, and am now more in tune to energy. I am a Healer, and apply my ability to help humans and animals in the physical, emotional and spiritual dimensions. My Healing abilities have come about by a series of initiations that have each brought me greater understanding (wisdom) and healing power. I can teach, heal and show others the path to their Big Dream. I am an amalgam of the past, present and future. I meld the feminine and masculine. I embrace the inter-connectedness of all beings. Energy cannot be destroyed, it can only change form. I am sensitive and perceive otherââ¬â¢s energy auras. I pay attention to these highly tuned senses in order to help those who come to me for coaching. There is perfection in the divine coincidence which brings me as a Coach and my future Client together to walk through the valley of Transition. pattyshaw143http://www.blogger.com/profile/10488403677324544093noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5521549565899914053.post-73870419069820581952019-11-14T13:25:00.001-08:002019-11-14T13:25:04.644-08:00Autism: A Disorder of Conflicting Causes and Treatments Essay examplesAutism: A Disorder of Conflicting Causes and Treatments Despite its 50 year-old diagnosis, autism is still one of the mostly commonly contracted and rarely treated childhood diseases. Studies suggest that as many as 1 in 500 children may display autistic symptoms. Manifestations of this disability include the stereotypical physical contortions and hand-flapping motions commonly associated with autism, as well as inability to relate to the outside world, limited social skills, lack of concentration, and hypersensitivity to certain stimuli-particularly noise (1). Perceived causes include poor fetal development, genetics, allergies, and a lack of crucial enzymes. Because for many years the disorder was thought to be a result of poor parenting, only recent studies have begun any attempts to identify the causes of childhood autism. Many diagnosis and potential treatments have been tried only by the parents of autistics; undergoing research is still slow and often under-funded. Eric Courchesne (2), a leading scientist whose studies of the cerebellum have opened a new field of belief for the region's potential functions, suggested that autistics have a marked propensity for cerebellar lesions and Purkinje neuron loss, leading to an inability to "rapidly and accurately" change attention from one focus to another, particularly in the areas of visual and auditory stimuli. Dr. Margaret Bauman, (Dept. of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and a child neurologist at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston), and Dr. Thomas Kemper (Depts. of Neurology, Anatomy, and Pathology, Boston University School of Medicine) have a different hypothesis (3) which nonetheless correlates with Courchesne's theory. They believe that a dysfunctional ne... ...improve concentration and awareness. Rimland suggests using a B-complex vitamin and magnesium to attempt to control some of the more physically apparent symptoms of autism. However, although many websites advocated the use of various vitamins and minerals to treat autism, none portended to have found a cure, or even plausible reasons for the benefits. Although research is still in the beginning stages, and many treatments are mere shots in the dark, autistics and their families continue to hope that cures and qualified treatments are not far-off. There are many available resources including group home projects (10), family support (11), and a wide-range of literature (12), much of it written by survivors themselves. Internet Sources: 1) http://www.autism.org/tunvsn.html 2) http://www.autism.org/limbic.html 3) http://www.autism.org/overview.html#causes pattyshaw143http://www.blogger.com/profile/10488403677324544093noreply@blogger.com0